Felipe Calderón

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Calderón and the second or maternal family name is Hinojosa.
This article is about the former president of Mexico. For the Filipino politician and historical figure, see Felipe Calderón (Filipino politician).

Felipe Calderón
Official portrait, 2006
63rd President of Mexico
In office
1 December 2006 – 30 November 2012
Preceded byVicente Fox
Succeeded byEnrique Peña Nieto
Secretary of Energy of Mexico
In office
2 September 2003 – 1 June 2004
PresidentVicente Fox
Preceded byErnesto Martens
Succeeded byFernando Elizondo Barragán
Director General of the National Works and Public Services Bank
In office
12 February 2003 – 2 September 2003
PresidentVicente Fox
Preceded byTomás Ruiz González
Succeeded byLuis Pazos
President of the Political Coordination Board of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
1 September 2001 – 31 August 2002
Preceded byBeatriz Paredes Rangel
Succeeded byMartí Batres Guadarrama
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
for Michoacán (5th electoral region)
In office
1 September 2000 – 12 February 2003
Succeeded byNohelia Linares González
In office
1 September 1991 – 31 August 1994
President of the National Action Party
In office
9 March 1996 – 9 March 1999
Preceded byCarlos Castillo Peraza
Succeeded byLuis Felipe Bravo Mena
Personal details
Born
Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa

(1962-08-18) 18 August 1962
Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
Political partyNational Action Party (before 2018)
Other political
affiliations		México Libre
Spouse
Margarita Zavala
​
(m. 1993)​
Children3
Parent(s)Luis Calderón Vega
María del Carmen Hinojosa
RelativesCalderón Hinojosa family
Alma materFree School of Law (LLB)
Mexico Autonomous Institute of Technology (MA)
Harvard University (MPA)
CabinetCabinet of Felipe Calderón
Awards
Signature

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (Spanish pronunciation: [feˈlipe kaldeˈɾon] ⓘ; born 18 August 1962)[1] is a Mexican politician and lawyer who served as the 63rd president of Mexico from 2006 to 2012 and Secretary of Energy during the presidency of Vicente Fox between 2003 and 2004. He was a member of the National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN) for 30 years before quitting the party in November 2018.

Calderón held positions as National President of the PAN, Federal Deputy, and Secretary of Energy in Vicente Fox's administration. He served in the previous administration's cabinet before resigning to run for president and receiving his party's candidacy. In the 2006 presidential election, he was the PAN candidate. After a contentious campaign and a controversial electoral procedure, the Federal Electoral Institute's official results gave Calderón the lead (0.6% of total votes).[2][3] above PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador.[2][4] While López Obrador and the PRD disputed the results and called for a complete recount of the votes, Calderón's victory was confirmed months later by the Federal Electoral Tribunal.[2]

His presidency was marked by his declaration of war against the country's drug cartels only ten days after taking office; this was considered by most observers as a strategy to gain popular legitimacy after the convoluted elections.[5][6][7] The first significant federal force deployment against drug gangs was made possible by Calderón's approval of Operation Michoacán. 60,000 people had been officially killed in the drug war by the time of his rule in office. The beginning of the drug war coincided with an increase in homicides during his presidency; these peaked in 2010 and then began to decline during his final two years in office.

Calderón's term was also marked by the Great Recession.[8] As a result of a countercyclical[9] package passed in 2009, the national debt increased from 22.2% to 35% of GDP by December 2012.[9] The poverty rate increased from 43 to 46%.[10] Other significant events during Calderón's presidency include the 2007 establishment of ProMéxico, a public trust fund that promotes Mexico's interests in international trade and investment,[11] the 2008 passing of criminal justice reforms (fully implemented in 2016),[12] the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the 2010 establishment of the Agencia Espacial Mexicana, the 2011 founding of the Pacific Alliance and the achievement of universal healthcare[13] through Seguro Popular (passed under the Fox administration) in 2012. Under the Calderón administration sixteen new Protected Natural Areas were created.[14] He began a one-year fellowship at John F. Kennedy School of Government in January 2013, and returned to Mexico following the end of his tenure.

In 2019, Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel was allegedly linked to Genaro García Luna, the Secretary of Public Security under Calderón, leading to García Luna's arrest in the United States in December;[15] in February 2023, García Luna was convicted on all charges pressed, including drug trafficking.[16] After García Luna's conviction, General Tomás Ángeles Dauahare, Calderón's sub-secretary of National Defense, declared that Calderón knew about García Luna's ties with the cartel.[17] That same month, a poll found that 84% of respondents wanted to see an investigation into Calderón.[18]

  1. ^ "Felipe Calderón". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
  2. ^ a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ es:Elecciones federales en México de 2006
  4. ^ "Calderón holds tiny lead as Mexican vote goes to a recount". TheGuardian.com. 4 July 2006. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  5. ^ "Ganar legitimidad, de las prioridades de Calderón en un año de gobierno". Jornada. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  6. ^ Flores, Linaloe (6 December 2016). "Calderón lanzó la guerra para legitimarse, y su personalidad lo llevó al punto de no retorno". SinEmbargo. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  7. ^ Villarreal, Hector (10 September 2011). "El gran fracaso por la legitimidad". Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  8. ^ "GDP growth (annual %)". data.worldbank.org.
  9. ^ a b Andrade, Citlallin (23 October 2013). "Felipe Calderón cubrió sobreejercicio con endeudamiento". Excélsior (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  10. ^ "Mexique: Calderon quitte le pouvoir sans avoir atteint ses objectifs". L'Obs.
  11. ^ "Foreign direct investment (FDI) – FDI flows – OECD Data". theOECD. In billions of US dollars: 8.256 in 2007, 1.157 in 2008, 9.606 in 2009, 15.145 in 2010, 12.992 in 2011, 23.338 in 2012
  12. ^ "Trials and errors". The Economist.
  13. ^ "Mexico achieves universal health coverage, enrolls 52.6 million people in less than a decade". Harvard School of Public Health. 15 August 2012.
  14. ^ Hinojosa, Felipe Calderón (21 August 2014). Los retos que enfrentamos: Los problemas de México y las políticas públicas para resolverlos (2006–2012) (in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México. ISBN 9786073126311.
  15. ^ US Attorney's Office, Eastern District of NY (10 December 2019). "Former Mexican Secretary of Public Security Arrested for Drug Trafficking Conspiracy and Making False Statements". justice.gov. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  16. ^ "Mexico's ex-security minister Genaro García Luna convicted of drug trafficking". bbc.com. 22 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  17. ^ "El General Ángeles acusa: Calderón sabía de García Luna, y sí, negociaron con narcos". sinembargo.mx. 22 February 2023.
  18. ^ "Mario Delgado: en sondeo, 84% quiere juicio a Felipe Calderón". La Jornada. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
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