Copper(II) sulfate

Copper(II) sulfate
	Crystals of CuSO4·5H2O
	Copper, Cu Sulfur, S Oxygen, O Hydrogen, H; Portion of the structure of the pentahydrate; (sulfate links Cu(H2O)2+4 centers)
	Unit cell of the crystal structure of CuSO4·5H2O; with hydrogen bonds in black
Names
	IUPAC name Copper(II) sulfate
	Other names Cupric sulphate; Blue vitriol (pentahydrate); Bluestone (pentahydrate); Bonattite (trihydrate mineral); Boothite (heptahydrate mineral); Chalcanthite (pentahydrate mineral); Chalcocyanite (mineral); Copper Sulphate pentahydrate
Identifiers
CAS Number	7758-98-7 (anhydrous) ; 7758-99-8 (pentahydrate) ; 16448-28-5 (trihydrate) ; 19086-18-1 (heptahydrate) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:23414 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL604 ;
ChemSpider	22870 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.952
EC Number	231-847-6;
Gmelin Reference	8294
KEGG	C18713 ;
PubChem CID	24462;
RTECS number	GL8800000 (anhydrous); GL8900000 (pentahydrate);
UNII	KUW2Q3U1VV (anhydrous) ; LRX7AJ16DT (pentahydrate) ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6034479 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Cu.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Key: ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L ; InChI=1/Cu.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Key: ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-NUQVWONBAI;
	SMILES [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Cu+2];
Properties
Chemical formula	CuSO4 (anhydrous); CuSO4·5H2O (pentahydrate)
Molar mass	159.60 g/mol (anhydrous); 249.685 g/mol (pentahydrate)
Appearance	gray-white (anhydrous); blue (pentahydrate)
Density	3.60 g/cm3 (anhydrous); 2.286 g/cm3 (pentahydrate)
Melting point	110 °C (230 °F; 383 K) decomposes 560 °C decomposes(pentahydrate) Fully decomposes at 590 °C (anhydrous)
Boiling point	decomposes to cupric oxide at 650 °C
Solubility in water	pentahydrate ; 316 g/L (0 °C) ; 2033 g/L (100 °C) anhydrous ; 168 g/L (10 °C) ; 201 g/L (20 °C) ; 404 g/L (60 °C) ; 770 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility	anhydrous; insoluble in ethanol pentahydrate; soluble in methanol; 10.4 g/L (18 °C); insoluble in ethanol and acetone
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	1330·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.724–1.739 (anhydrous); 1.514–1.544 (pentahydrate)
Structure
Crystal structure	Orthorhombic (anhydrous, chalcocyanite), space group Pnma, oP24, a = 0.839 nm, b = 0.669 nm, c = 0.483 nm.; Triclinic (pentahydrate), space group P1, aP22, a = 0.5986 nm, b = 0.6141 nm, c = 1.0736 nm, α = 77.333°, β = 82.267°, γ = 72.567°
Thermochemistry
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	5 J/(K·mol)
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−769.98 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
ATC code	V03AB20 (WHO)
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H302, H315, H318, H319, H410
Precautionary statements	P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 1
Flash point	Non-flammable
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	300 mg/kg (oral, rat) 87 mg/kg (oral, mouse)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	TWA 100 mg/m3 (as Cu)
Safety data sheet (SDS)	anhydrous; pentahydrate
Related compounds
Other cations	Iron(II) sulfate; Manganese(II) sulfate; Nickel(II) sulfate; Zinc sulfate;
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Copper(II) sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cu SO₄. It forms hydrates CuSO₄·nH₂O, where n can range from 1 to 7. The pentahydrate (n = 5), a bright blue crystal, is the most commonly encountered hydrate of copper(II) sulfate,^[10] while its anhydrous form is white.^[11] Older names for the pentahydrate include blue vitriol, bluestone,^[12] vitriol of copper,^[13] and Roman vitriol.^[14] It exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺, which has octahedral molecular geometry. The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands. The Cu(II)(H₂O)₄ centers are interconnected by sulfate anions to form chains.^[15]

^ Varghese, J. N.; Maslen, E. N. (1985). "Electron density in non-ideal metal complexes. I. Copper sulphate pentahydrate". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 41 (3): 184–190. doi:10.1107/S0108768185001914.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Haynes, p. 4.62
^ Rumble, John, ed. (2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 5–179. ISBN 9781138561632.
^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (2003). "Chalcocyanite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Vol. V. Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 978-0962209741.
^ Haynes, p. 10.240
^ Kokkoros, P. A.; Rentzeperis, P. J. (1958). "The crystal structure of the anhydrous sulphates of copper and zinc". Acta Crystallographica. 11 (5): 361–364. doi:10.1107/S0365110X58000955.
^ Bacon, G. E.; Titterton, D. H. (1975). "Neutron-diffraction studies of CuSO₄ · 5H₂O and CuSO₄ · 5D₂O". Z. Kristallogr. 141 (5–6): 330–341. Bibcode:1975ZK....141..330B. doi:10.1524/zkri.1975.141.5-6.330.
^ ^a ^b ^c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0150". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ Cupric sulfate. US National Institutes of Health
^ Connor, Nick (2023-07-24). "Copper (II) Sulfate | Formula, Properties & Application". Material Properties. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
^ Foundation, In association with Nuffield. "A reversible reaction of hydrated copper(II) sulfate". RSC Education. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
^ "Copper (II) sulfate MSDS". Oxford University. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
^ Antoine-François de Fourcroy, tr. by Robert Heron (1796) "Elements of Chemistry, and Natural History: To which is Prefixed the Philosophy of Chemistry". J. Murray and others, Edinburgh. Page 348.
^ Oxford University Press, "Roman vitriol", Oxford Living Dictionaries. Accessed on 2016-11-13
^ Ting, V. P.; Henry, P. F.; Schmidtmann, M.; Wilson, C. C.; Weller, M. T. (2009). "In situ neutron powder diffraction and structure determination in controlled humidities". Chem. Commun. 2009 (48): 7527–7529. doi:10.1039/B918702B. PMID 20024268.

[Varghese&Maslen-1] Varghese, J. N.; Maslen, E. N. (1985). "Electron density in non-ideal metal complexes. I. Copper sulphate pentahydrate". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 41 (3): 184–190. doi:10.1107/S0108768185001914.

[b92-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Haynes, p. 4.62

[crc99-3] Rumble, John, ed. (2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 5–179. ISBN 9781138561632.

[4] Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (2003). "Chalcocyanite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Vol. V. Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 978-0962209741.

[5] Haynes, p. 10.240

[6] Kokkoros, P. A.; Rentzeperis, P. J. (1958). "The crystal structure of the anhydrous sulphates of copper and zinc". Acta Crystallographica. 11 (5): 361–364. doi:10.1107/S0365110X58000955.

[7] Bacon, G. E.; Titterton, D. H. (1975). "Neutron-diffraction studies of CuSO₄ · 5H₂O and CuSO₄ · 5D₂O". Z. Kristallogr. 141 (5–6): 330–341. Bibcode:1975ZK....141..330B. doi:10.1524/zkri.1975.141.5-6.330.

[PGCH-8] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0150". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[9] Cupric sulfate. US National Institutes of Health

[10] Connor, Nick (2023-07-24). "Copper (II) Sulfate | Formula, Properties & Application". Material Properties. Retrieved 2024-02-03.

[11] Foundation, In association with Nuffield. "A reversible reaction of hydrated copper(II) sulfate". RSC Education. Retrieved 2024-02-03.

[12] "Copper (II) sulfate MSDS". Oxford University. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-12-31.

[fou-13] Antoine-François de Fourcroy, tr. by Robert Heron (1796) "Elements of Chemistry, and Natural History: To which is Prefixed the Philosophy of Chemistry". J. Murray and others, Edinburgh. Page 348.

[oxdic-14] Oxford University Press, "Roman vitriol", Oxford Living Dictionaries. Accessed on 2016-11-13

[15] Ting, V. P.; Henry, P. F.; Schmidtmann, M.; Wilson, C. C.; Weller, M. T. (2009). "In situ neutron powder diffraction and structure determination in controlled humidities". Chem. Commun. 2009 (48): 7527–7529. doi:10.1039/B918702B. PMID 20024268.

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