Cellulose

Cellulose^[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number	9004-34-6 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL2109009 ;
ChemSpider	None;
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.692
EC Number	232-674-9;
E number	E460 (thickeners, ...)
KEGG	C00760;
PubChem CID	14055602;
UNII	SMD1X3XO9M ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID3050492 ;
Properties
Chemical formula	(C; 6H; 10O; 5); n
Molar mass	162.1406 g/mol per glucose unit
Appearance	white powder
Density	1.5 g/cm3
Melting point	260–270 °C; 500–518 °F; 533–543 K (decomposes)
Solubility in water	none
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−963 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of; combustion (ΔcH⦵298)	−2828 kJ/mol
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 1 0
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 15 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	N.D.
Related compounds
Related compounds	Starch
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C
₆H
₁₀O
₅)
_n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.^[3]^[4] Cellulose is an important structural component of the cell walls of green plants, many forms of algae, and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms.^[5] Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.^[6] The cellulose content of cotton fibre is 90%, that of wood is 40–50%, and that of dried hemp is approximately 57%.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Cellulose is used mainly to produce paperboard and paper. Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as cellophane and rayon. Conversion of cellulose from energy crops into biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under development as a renewable fuel source. Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton.^[6] In addition, cellulose exhibits pronounced susceptibility to direct interactions with certain organic liquids, notably formamide, DMSO, and short-chain amines (methylamine, ethylamine), among other, are recognized as highly effective swelling agents.^[10]

Some animals, particularly ruminants and termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such as Trichonympha. In human nutrition, cellulose is a non-digestible constituent of insoluble dietary fiber, acting as a hydrophilic bulking agent for feces and potentially aiding in defecation.

^ Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzy H (2002). "Crystal Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding System in Cellulose Iβ from Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (31): 9074–9082. Bibcode:2002JAChS.124.9074N. doi:10.1021/ja0257319. PMID 12149011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0110". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ Crawford, R. L. (1981). Lignin biodegradation and transformation. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-05743-7.
^ Updegraff D. M. (1969). "Semimicro determination of cellulose in biological materials". Analytical Biochemistry. 32 (3): 420–424. doi:10.1016/S0003-2697(69)80009-6. PMID 5361396.
^ Romeo T (2008). Bacterial biofilms. Berlin: Springer. pp. 258–263. ISBN 978-3-540-75418-3.
^ ^a ^b Klemm D, Heublein, Brigitte, Fink, Hans-Peter, Bohn, Andreas (2005). "Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44 (22): 3358–3393. Bibcode:2005ACIE...44.3358K. doi:10.1002/anie.200460587. PMID 15861454.
^ Cellulose. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 11, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
^ Chemical Composition of Wood. Archived October 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. ipst.gatech.edu.
^ Piotrowski, Stephan and Carus, Michael (May 2011) Multi-criteria evaluation of lignocellulosic niche crops for use in biorefinery processes Archived April 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. nova-Institut GmbH, Hürth, Germany.
^ Mantanis GI, Young RA, Rowell RM (1995). "Swelling of compressed cellulose fiber webs in organic liquids". Cellulose. 2 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1007/BF00812768. ISSN 0969-0239.

[1] Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzy H (2002). "Crystal Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding System in Cellulose Iβ from Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (31): 9074–9082. Bibcode:2002JAChS.124.9074N. doi:10.1021/ja0257319. PMID 12149011.

[NIOSH-2] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0110". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[Crawford-1981-3] Crawford, R. L. (1981). Lignin biodegradation and transformation. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-05743-7.

[Updegraff-1969-4] Updegraff D. M. (1969). "Semimicro determination of cellulose in biological materials". Analytical Biochemistry. 32 (3): 420–424. doi:10.1016/S0003-2697(69)80009-6. PMID 5361396.

[5] Romeo T (2008). Bacterial biofilms. Berlin: Springer. pp. 258–263. ISBN 978-3-540-75418-3.

[Klemm-2005-6] Klemm D, Heublein, Brigitte, Fink, Hans-Peter, Bohn, Andreas (2005). "Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44 (22): 3358–3393. Bibcode:2005ACIE...44.3358K. doi:10.1002/anie.200460587. PMID 15861454.

[7] Cellulose. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 11, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

[8] Chemical Composition of Wood. Archived October 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. ipst.gatech.edu.

[9] Piotrowski, Stephan and Carus, Michael (May 2011) Multi-criteria evaluation of lignocellulosic niche crops for use in biorefinery processes Archived April 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. nova-Institut GmbH, Hürth, Germany.

[10] Mantanis GI, Young RA, Rowell RM (1995). "Swelling of compressed cellulose fiber webs in organic liquids". Cellulose. 2 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1007/BF00812768. ISSN 0969-0239.

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