Carl Schmitt

Carl Schmitt
Carl Schmitt
	Schmitt in 1932
Born	11 July 1888; Plettenberg, Prussia, German Empire
Died	7 April 1985 (aged 96); Plettenberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany
Spouse(s)	Pavla Dorotić (1916–?); Duška Todorović (1926–1950, her death)
Children	1
Education
Education	University of Berlin; University of Munich; University of Strasbourg (Dr. jur., 1910; Dr. habil., 1916);
Philosophical work
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Continental philosophy; Conservative Revolution; Decisionism; IR realism;
Institutions	University of Greifswald (1921); University of Bonn (1921); Technical University of Munich (1928); University of Cologne (1933); University of Berlin (1933–1945);
Main interests	Politics; Jurisprudence; Constitutional law; Political theology; Philosophy of religion;
Notable ideas	State of exception; Friend–Enemy distinction; Sovereignty as a "borderline concept"; Legality–legitimacy distinction;

Carl Schmitt^[a] (11 July 1888 – 7 April 1985) was a German jurist, author, and political theorist.

Schmitt wrote extensively about the effective wielding of political power. An authoritarian conservative theorist,^[4] he was noted as a critic of parliamentary democracy, liberalism, and cosmopolitanism.^[5] His works covered political theory, legal theory, continental philosophy, and political theology. However, they are controversial, mainly due to his intellectual support for, and active involvement with, Nazism.^[6] In 1933, Schmitt joined the Nazi Party and utilized his legal and political theories to provide ideological justification for the regime. However, he later lost favour among senior Nazi officials and was ultimately removed from his official positions within the party.

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy writes that "Schmitt was an acute observer and analyst of the weaknesses of liberal constitutionalism and liberal cosmopolitanism. But there can be little doubt that his preferred cure turned out to be infinitely worse than the disease."^[7] His ideas remain highly influential, with many scholars arguing he has influenced modern governance in China and Russia, as well as the movements of neoconservatism and Trumpism.

^ Cite error: The named reference Wolin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Oliver W. Lembcke, Claudia Ritzi, Gary S. Schaal (eds.): Zeitgenössische Demokratietheorien: Band 1: Normative Demokratietheorien, Springer, 2014, p. 331.
^ Hooker, William (12 November 2009). Carl Schmitt's International Thought: Order and Orientation. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-13948184-7. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
^
- Hoffman, John (2015). Introduction to Political Theory. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 9781317556602.
- Martin, James (2008). Piero Gobetti and the Politics of Liberal Revolution. Springer. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-230-61686-8.
^ Vinx 2019.
^ Caldwell, Peter C. (June 2005). "Controversies over Carl Schmitt: A Review of Recent Literature". The Journal of Modern History. 77 (2): 357–387. doi:10.1086/431819. ISSN 0022-2801.
^ Vinx 2019, ch. 5 "Liberal Cosmopolitanism and ...".

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[Wolin-1] Cite error: The named reference Wolin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[2] Oliver W. Lembcke, Claudia Ritzi, Gary S. Schaal (eds.): Zeitgenössische Demokratietheorien: Band 1: Normative Demokratietheorien, Springer, 2014, p. 331.

[Hooker2009-3] Hooker, William (12 November 2009). Carl Schmitt's International Thought: Order and Orientation. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-13948184-7. Retrieved 5 September 2014.

[5] 
Hoffman, John (2015). Introduction to Political Theory. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 9781317556602.
Martin, James (2008). Piero Gobetti and the Politics of Liberal Revolution. Springer. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-230-61686-8.

[5] Hoffman, John (2015). Introduction to Political Theory. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 9781317556602.

[6] Martin, James (2008). Piero Gobetti and the Politics of Liberal Revolution. Springer. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-230-61686-8.

[FOOTNOTEVinx2019-6] Vinx 2019.

[:8-7] Caldwell, Peter C. (June 2005). "Controversies over Carl Schmitt: A Review of Recent Literature". The Journal of Modern History. 77 (2): 357–387. doi:10.1086/431819. ISSN 0022-2801.

[FOOTNOTEVinx2019[httpsplatostanfordeduentriesschmittLibCosFouIntOrd_ch._5_"Liberal_Cosmopolitanism_and_..."]-8] Vinx 2019, ch. 5 "Liberal Cosmopolitanism and ...".

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