Bengali–Assamese script
| Bengali–Assamese বাংলা-অসমীয়া | |
|---|---|
Image 1: The text, from the 18th-century Hastividyārnava, commissioned by Ahom king Siva Singha, reads: sri sri mot xivo xingho moharaja. The modern Bengali glyph "র" currently used for ra is used in this pre-modern Assamese/Sanskrit manuscript for va, the modern form of which is "ৱ". Though the modern Assamese alphabet does not use this glyph for any letter, modern Tirhuta continues to use this for va. Image 2: The native names, in Bengali–Assamese, of the three scheduled languages of India that commonly use this script, followed by their standard English names and a Latin transliteration of the native name in parentheses. | |
| Script type | |
Period | c. 1100–present |
| Direction | Left-to-right |
| Official script | for Bengali language, Assamese language and Meitei language (constitutionally termed as Manipuri)[1][2] |
| Languages | Bengali, Assamese, Bishnupriya, Maithili, Meitei, Sylheti, Santali, Kokborok, Garo, Hajong, Chakma, Mizo, Khasi, Chittagonian, Kudmali, Ho, Kamtapuri, Noakhali, and others. |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Bengali, Assamese, Tirhuta |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Beng (325), Bengali (Bangla) |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Bengali |
Unicode range | U+0980–U+09FF (Bengali), U+011480–U+0114DF (Tirhuta) |
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| The Brahmi script and its descendants |
| Part of a series on |
| Writing systems in India |
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The Bengali–Assamese script,[7] sometimes also known as Eastern Nagri,[8] is an eastern Brahmic script, primarily used today for the Bengali and Assamese language spoken in eastern South Asia. It evolved from Gaudi script, also the common ancestor of the Odia and Trihuta scripts.[9][10] It is commonly referred to as the Bengali script by Bengalis[11] and the Assamese script by the Assamese,[12] while in academic discourse it is sometimes called Eastern-Nāgarī.[13] Three of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic—Bengali, Assamese, and Meitei[a][14]—commonly use this script in writing;[15][16][2] Bengali is also the official and national language of Bangladesh.
Besides, Bengali and Assamese languages, it is also used to write Bishnupriya Manipuri, Meitei, Chakma, Santali and numerous other smaller languages spoken in eastern South Asia.[17][18] Historically, it was used to write various Old and Middle Indo-Aryan languages, and, like many other Brahmic scripts, is still used for writing Sanskrit.[19] Other languages, such as Bodo, Karbi, Maithili and Mising were once written in this script.[20] The two major alphabets in this script – Assamese and Bengali – are virtually identical, except for two characters — Assamese differs from Bengali in one letter for the /r/ sound, and an extra letter for the /w/ or /v/ sound.[21][22][23]
- ^ "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
- ^ a b "Manipuri language and alphabets". omniglot.com. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
- ^ (Salomon 1998:29)
- ^ 'The terminology for the various premodern Brahmi-derived scripts is, however, largely unstandardized and typically made up ad hoc, due mainly to the lack of attested indigenous terms for many of them (2.1.1). D. C. Sircar broadly categorizes the stages of development into "Early", "Middle", and "Late Brahmi" periods, corresponding (in northern India) to the third through first centuries B.C., the first century B.C. through third century A.D., and the fourth through sixth centuries A.D., respectively (HEP 113), though others refer to his "Late Brahmi" as "Gupta script".' (Salomon 1998:19)
- ^ "Around the late sixth century, the so-called Gupta script of northern India evolved into a distinct new script for which the preferred name is Siddhamatrka." (Salomon 1998:39)
- ^ "In the northeast, the local derivative of Siddhamatrka was the script known as Proto-Bengali or Gaudi, which was current from the tenth to the fourteenth centuries." (Salomon 1998:41)
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
salomon41was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "The Eastern Nagri script was first created to write Sanskrit and later adopted by regional languages like Bengali and Assamese. The Bengali Unicode block of characters is created from the Eastern Nagri script and contains character variants, like for the 'r', that is different in Bengali and Assamese." (Simard, Dopierala & Thaut 2020:5f)
- ^ See "Parent Systems" on the right, and the citations therein.
- ^ (Salomon 1998:41)
- ^ " Bengalis will refer to the script as the 'Bengali script'.." (Brandt 2014:24)
- ^ "Assamese has, like Bengali, a long literary tradition in this script which Assamese speakers naturally refer to as the 'Assamese script'." (Brandt 2014:25)
- ^ "In fact, the term 'Eastern Nagari' seems to be the only designation which does not favour one or the other language. However, it is only applied in academic discourse, whereas the name 'Bengali script' dominates the global public sphere." (Brandt 2014:25)
- ^ "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
- ^ "Assamese alphabet, pronunciation and alphabet". omniglot.com. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
- ^ "Bengali alphabet, pronunciation and language". omniglot.com. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
- ^ "Already the fact that most Bengalis will refer to the script of their language exclusively as the 'Bengali script', though it is used for many other languages as well, e.g. Assamese, Bishnupriya, Chakma, Meitei, Santali, etc. gives a glimpse of the dominant role of the Bengali language in the eastern part of South Asia (Brandt 2014:25–26)
- ^ Bijan Kumar Roy, Subal Chandra Biswas and Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay, Designing Unicode‐compliant Indic‐script based Institutional Digital Repository with special reference to Bengali, page 55, International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology Vol.8, No.3, 53–67 (September 2018)
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
brandt-sohoni-2018-7was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Prabhakara, M S Scripting a solution, The Hindu, 19 May 2005.
- ^ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, The History and Culture of the Indian People: British paramountcy and Indian renaissance (Part 2), page 219, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1951
- ^ Bernard Comrie, The World's Major Languages, page 419, Routledge, 2009, ISBN 9781134261567
- ^ B. P. Mahapatra, Constitutional languages, page 39, Presses Université Laval, 1989, ISBN 9782763771861
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