Franco-Provençal
| Franco-Provençal | |
|---|---|
| Arpitan | |
| patouès, gaga, arpetan | |
| Pronunciation | [patwe]; [ɡaga]; [arpetã] |
| Native to | Italy, France and Switzerland |
| Region | Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Apulia, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Savoie, Bresse, Bugey, Dombes, Beaujolais, Dauphiné, Lyonnais, Forez, Romandie |
Native speakers | 157,000 (2013)[1] 80,000 in France, 70,000 in Italy and 7,000 in Switzerland[2] |
Early forms | Old Latin
|
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | frp |
| Glottolog | fran1269 Francoprovencalicfran1260 Arpitan |
| ELP | Francoprovençal |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAA-j[6] |
Map of the Franco-Provençal language area:
| |
Franco-Provençal (also Francoprovençal, Patois or Arpitan)[2] is a Gallo-Romance language that originated and is spoken in eastern France, western Switzerland, and northwestern Italy.
Franco-Provençal has several distinct dialects and is separate from but closely related to neighbouring Romance dialects (the langues d'oïl and the langues d'oc, in France, as well as Rhaeto-Romance in Switzerland and Italy).[a]
Even with all its distinct dialects counted together, the number of Franco-Provençal speakers has been declining significantly and steadily.[7] According to UNESCO, Franco-Provençal was already in 1995 a "potentially endangered language" in Italy and an "endangered language" in Switzerland and France. Ethnologue classifies it as "nearly extinct".[2]
The designation Franco-Provençal (Franco-Provençal: francoprovençâl; French: francoprovençal; Italian: francoprovenzale) dates to the 19th century. In the late 20th century, it was proposed that the language be referred to under the neologism Arpitan (Franco-Provençal: arpetan; Italian: arpitano), and its areal as Arpitania.[8] The use of both neologisms remains very limited, with most academics using the traditional form (often written without the hyphen: Francoprovençal), while language speakers refer to it almost exclusively as patois or under the names of its distinct dialects (Savoyard, Lyonnais, Gaga in Saint-Étienne, etc.).[9]
Formerly spoken throughout the Duchy of Savoy, Franco-Provençal is nowadays (as of 2016) spoken mainly in the Aosta Valley as a native language by all age ranges.[10] All remaining areas of the Franco-Provençal language region show practice limited to higher age ranges, except for Evolène and other rural areas of French-speaking Switzerland. It is also spoken in the Alpine valleys around Turin and in two isolated towns (Faeto and Celle di San Vito) in Apulia.[5]
In France, it is one of the three Gallo-Romance language families of the country (alongside the langues d'oïl and the langues d'oc). Though it is a regional language of France, its use in the country is marginal. Still, organizations are attempting to preserve it through cultural events, education, scholarly research, and publishing.
- ^ Franco-Provençal at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c "Arpitan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ a b Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Glottolog 4.8 - Oil". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche (in Italian), Italian parliament, 15 December 1999, archived from the original on 2 May 2012, retrieved 8 September 2017
- ^ a b Enrico Allasino; Consuelo Ferrier; Sergio Scamuzzi; Tullio Telmon (2005). "LE LINGUE DEL PIEMONTE" (PDF). IRES. 113: 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Gioventura Piemontèisa.
- ^ "f" (PDF). The Linguasphere Register. p. 165. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
- ^ "Paesaggio Linguistico in Svizzera" [Switzerland's Linguistic Landscape]. Ufficio Federale di Statistica (in Italian). 2000. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ A derivation from arpa "alpine pasture", see Pichard, Alain (2 May 2009). "Nos ancêtres les Arpitans" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2011.. 24 Heures, Lausanne.
- ^ Gasquet-Cyrus, Médéric (14 February 2018), Auzanneau, Michelle; Greco, Luca (eds.), "Frontières linguistiques et glossonymie en zone de transition: le cas du patois de Valjouffrey", Dessiner les frontières, Langages, Lyon: ENS Éditions, ISBN 978-2-84788-983-3, archived from the original on 28 April 2021, retrieved 16 November 2020
- ^ Site du Centre d'études francoprovençales : "Au temps de Willien : les ferments de langue" Archived 27 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
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