Mirad Grammar/Word Families

Words in Mirad can be grouped into families. By "family" is meant a group of words derived from the same root morpheme. This chapter explains that process.

All native words in Mirad are formed from a combination of some 500 morphemes and base words. (A morpheme is a word or word root that cannot be further divided. Think of it as a "word atom". A base word is a consonant template which is completed with ordinal vowels that fill out the meaning. Listed below is an alphabetical list of those morphemes and base words in mirad. The base words are listed with O, which means that they represent the top-level member of a scalar list of words where the ordinal vowel changes. For example, mOr (universe) is the top-level member of a related hierarchy of words: mar (star), mer (planet), etc. The letter X stands for verbs having the passive formant -p- or the active formant -b-. Prepositions ending in B- cover prepositions ending in -b and verbs having the active formant b or the passive formant p.

This list does not include shortened "stub roots" like -il (< mil....water), which are listed separately in the next section.

Stubs are abbreviated pieces of a root word that are often used as suffixes and sometimes as prefixes or infixes. Here is an alphabetical list:

Here is a chart showing the morphemes of Mirad in the form of templates.

This is a language where phonetics is used to present mnemonic relationships and analogy among words as in the following example, based on the word teub....mouth:

Here are some other examples where analogy and mnemonics are used to the maximum:

The following is a list of base words with their principal derivatives

The verb xer means to do. Many words are built from this base word using the postional/directional vowel coding rule. Words ending in xer contrast with those ending in ser, in that the former are transitive (taking an object), as opposed to intransitive (taking no object).

This chart shows the core verbs in the xer....do family:

Using prefixation, many other words can be built from these core words:

Keep in mind that xer can mean do, make, or cause in the following derived terms:

Unlimited transitive verbs can be created with adjectives and xer as a suffix like -ify, -ate, -ize in English.

Note: Sometimes, the adjectival ending -a is dropped. This often produces a different nuance. For example, agaxer means to magnify, make bigger, but agxer is more idiomatic and means to grow.

The passive of xer, xwer....to be done can be used to mean to happen or to become. For example:

• Duhoj hus xwa?....When did that happen?
• At uvaxwa hoj at teata ha tud.....I became sad (=was saddened) when I saw the child.

The use of -xer to form factive verbs from nouns is extremely common. They are like verbs in English that end in -ify, -ate, -ize and mean to make x or to render x, etc. These types of verbs are transitive and commonly take an object. Here are some examples:

^*If the base noun ends in x, there is not need to repeat the x.

The verb xer can be used as an all-purpose verb for actions which in English are expressed with a variety of idiomatic verbs, for example:

• xer deuz....to perform a song
• xer ifpop....to take a cruise
• xer ebdid....to conduct an interview
• xer yagigpek....to run a marathon
• xer dazun....to do a dance number
• xer dezekgon....to play a role
• xer dovyabdras....to enact a piece of legislation

The verb axer can be used as a standalone word to form expressions with adjectives, such as to make/render someone happy, eg.:

• Hua deuz axa at uva.....That song made me sad.
• Et axeye yat gla oyukoma.....You are making us very uncomfortable.
• Hia apyex axa at teptuja.....This attack rendered me unconcious.

The verb uxer is used in the meaning cause/make/get/force someone do something, eg.:

• Ha teyd uxa ha tud doler.....The mother got the child to be silent.
• At uxwa simper boy der hyes.....I was made to sit without saying anything.
• Iyt uxa iyta tayeb goblwer.....She got her hair cut. (Same as: Iyt gobluxa iyta tayeb.)

The verb oxer is used in the meaning fail (to do something), eg.:

• Ven et oxo puer gwe, et loyixlo.....If you fail to arrive on time, you will be fired.
• At oxa tester hos at yakweya xer.....I failed to understand what I was supposed to do.

The base word ser means to be and is the base for many verbs having to do with being and becoming. Verbs ending in ser are intransitive (taking no object) and contrast with those ending in xer, which are transitive (taking an object). Verbs in ser often are stative, i.e. linking verbs. Unlike Spanish, where both ser and estar mean to be with a semantic distinction of permanence and non-permanence, there is only one word for to be in Mirad covering both meanings.

The expressions there is and there are are constructed with the verb eser....to exist, eg:

• Ese bun av et oyb ha sem.....There is a gift for you under the table.
• Ese hegla vyoki yeb eta dyes.....There are some mistakes in your book.
• Voy ese tot.....There is no god.
• Voy eso yaniv himoj.....There will not be a party this evening.

The core verb ser can be postfixed to adjectives to form a class of verbs called stative, which have the meaning become X, and which contrast with parallel transitive verbs in xer. If the adjectival ending a is dropped, then the resulting stative verb has a more idiomatic sense.

Stative verbs in -ser are most often intransitive and contrast with dynamic, transitive verbs in -xer. Here are some comparative examples:

• It agxe vifayebi.....He grows grapes. (TRANSITIVE/DYNAMIC)
• Vifayebi voy agse fiay him.....Grapes do not grow well here. (INTRANSITIVE/STATIVE)

---

• His kyaxa yata teji.....This changed our lives.
• Yata teji kyasa hujub.....Our lives changed on that day.

---

• Ha mapi uzaxa ha fabi.....The winds bent the trees.
• Ha fabi uzasa je ha mapilag.....The trees bowed during the storm.

---

• Von igxu at.....Don't rush me. (TRANSITIVE/DYNAMIC)
• Igsu!....Hurry up! (INTRANSITIVE/STATIVE)

The above stative verbs were created from adjectives, but such verbs can also be formed from nouns and have the meaning to become (something):

Note: The ending is usually -aser if the adjective the verb is formed from ends in -z, r, l, or s. For example, tepuzra....crazy yields tepuzraser....to go crazy. Also, the ending -aser is used for verbs that are more literal than their counterpart in -ser, for example: agser....grow up vs. agaser....magnify, become big.

The verb aser can mean "to become (something or some way), eg.:

• Ha graotyan aseye paaxwa.....The crowd is becoming agitated.
• At fe aser dovakdibut hoj at agso.....I want to become a policeman when I grow up.

Mirad has two interchangeable ways to express the verb to have, own, possess:

• ayser (At ayse aga tod.....I have a big family.)
• bexer (Yit bexe oga melyexem yub bi him.....They own a small farm near here.)

These verbs play a part in the formation of other related words:

• ayswer....to belong (to)
• bexwer....to belong (to)
• aysyafwa....available
• aysyofwa....unavailable
• bexyafwa....available
• bexyofwa....unavailable
• ayswa....own, proper, proprietary (adj.)
• bexwa....own, proper, proprietary (adj.)
• Hua tam ayswe at.....That house belongs to me.

The opposite of ayser is oyser....to lack.

Similarly, the opposite of bexer is obexer....to lack.

• Hia sizun oyse fyaz.....This painting lacks charm.
• Wita dez obexa hihiduyean.....His performance lacked humor.

The base words ber....to put and per....to go, combined with positional/directional prefixes and various other word prefixes, form many words having to do with positions, bodily gestures, and directional motions. Those ending in ber are transitive verbs, while those ending in per are mostly intransitive.

(Bear in mind that a b at the end of a prepositional or adverbial prefix is dropped before per or ber)

Note also, the following special derivatives:

The following chart shows a number of verb derivatives of ber and per formed by:

• augmenting the b or p with a vowel having a general sense of direction relative to the speaker (vectorial vowel);

• bier....take vs. buer....give

• adding a verb formant at the end of the stem:

• -l- (strong transitive) or -r (stronger transitive);
• -s (intransitive) or -x (transitive), );
• -sl- (stronger intransitive) or -xl- (stronger transitive);
• -sr- (even stronger intransitive) or -xr- (even stronger transitive);

• intensifying or changing the meaning of the word by prefixing the stem ordinal vowel with -y-;

• bexer....hold -> byexer....hit

• sometimes prefixing the stem with one or more prepositions or other semantic morphemes;

• bier....take -> ojbier....borrow

In these words, stems beginning with p- are more intense than those in b-;

The general formula for these verbs is "(PREFIX +)?[bp][y]?[aeoiu][sx]?[lr]?er".

The following is a small list of b(y)[aeoiu]- and p(y)[aeoiu]- derivatives which are formed by prefixing a preposition or some other element.

Some verbs with stems ending in -j are inherently stative. Their dynamic counterparts end in -ber for transitive verbs and in -per for intransitive verbs. There is a table showing this:

Words using the root d- have to do with communicating, thus saying, talking, writing, reading, singing, performing, etc..

Many verbs of communication are created by prefixing elements to der (to say, tell) as in the following chart:

There are over 700 der verbs in Mirad, too many to list here.

Animal noise verbs are created by replacing the final -t of an animal name with der:

Names of languages can be verbalized by replaced the d at the end of the language name with -der or -daler, or -dxer:

The name of the language discussed in this book is Mirad, which comes from mira, meaning global, world. Thus, say in Mirad is Mirader and speak Mirad is Miradaler. A speaker of Mirad is a Miradut or Miradalut. Duven et Miradale?....Do you speak Mirad?. Hey Mirad(al)uti, ansu!....Hey, speakers of Mirad, unite!

Examples:

• Duven et Miradale?....Do you speak Mirad?
• Diwe Enidu has.....Please say it in English.
• Voy ese gaj gla Liadaluti.....There are no longer many Latin-speakers.

Note: Liadalut can be shortened to Liadut.

Similarly, to write in Mirad and to read in Mirad would be Miradrer and Miradyeer, respectively. So, a person who can read Mirad is called a Miradyeut.

Base words for various communication art forms begin d- and end in -z, eg:

The stems of the words in this family begin with t, meaning human and mental states and activities like knowing, thinking, understanding, etc.:

• t-....to know (a fact)
• ty-....to know how
• tr-....to be familiar with, recognize, to know (a person)

Here are some common derivatives of these roots:

• taxer....to remember
• texer....to think
• toxer....to forget

• teser....to mean

• tester....to understand
• testier....to realize
• testuer....to explain

• toser....to feel (emotionally)

• oktoser....to miss
• yanuvtoser....to pity

• toos....instinct

Suffixing -tun....science to words forms many -ology terms. An -ologist is rendered with -tut, eg:

Some -ology words in English refer to pseudo-science and are translated into Mirad with the ending -tuyn:

Words in English referring to doctrines, dogmas, or -isms are translated into Mirad with the ending -tin or its stub, -in, eg:

There are some words that refer to pseudoscience use the -tuyn suffix. Those that are legitimate theories use the suffix -tuin.

• martuyn....astrology
• sagtuyn....numerology
• niftuin....string theory
• vyeantuin....theory of relativity

The general word for school is tixam (house of study). The various levels of schools are translated with this word scalarized numerically.

The word pre-school, kindergarten is represented with jatixam (lit. pre-school), while post-graduate school is rendered with joutixam (lit. post-university).

Here are the most important words derived from job....time. Bear in mind that, in English, there are two meanings for time. One refers to time as it passes, which is translated by job in Mirad, and the other refers to a point in time, an instance or occasion, i.e. a countable noun concerning frequency, translated by jod in Mirad.

* These would normally be jyob, jyab, and jyeb, but there are hard to pronounce and difficult to hear, so the y is replaced by a w.

The following examples show how to express clock time:

• Se duhojwob?....What time is it?
• Se alo jwobi JaZ (=jazemaj).....It is ten o'clock A.M.
• Se uwa jwobi JoZ (=jozemaj).....It is four o'clock P.M.
• Se yawa jwobi gab ilo.....It is six thirty. (= plus thirty)
• Se alo (jwebi) ju yiwa.....It is ten (minutes) til eight. (or:)
• Se yiwa (jwobi) gab alo..... " " "
• Se uyn ji awa.....It is a quarter past ( = since) one.
• Se uyn ju ewa.....It is a quarter til ( = until) two.
• Se go jo ewa.....It is a little past ( = after) two.
• Se jubay uwa jwabi.....It is almost 4 o'clock.
• Se gwe zemaj.....It is exactly (= just) noon.
• Se go yiz zemoj.....It was slightly past (= beyond) midnight.
• At so hum ojo ale jwobi.....I'll be there in (= not-after) twelve minutes.
• Su him jwa / jwe!....Be here early / on time!
• Von su jwo!....Don't be late!
• Su him ojo zemoj.....Be here by (= not-after) midnight.

The root word jab means year. Here are some words derived from it:

The root word jeb means season. The four seasons are:

• jeab....spring
• jeeb....summer
• jeib....autumn
• jeub....winter

Here are some derivations:

The root word jib means month. The twelve months are derived by inserting an ordinal vowel. Note that month names are not capitalized in Mirad.

• jiab....January
• jieb....February
• jiib....March
• jiub....April
• jiyob....May
• jiyab....June
• jiyeb....July
• jiyib....August
• jiyub....September
• jilob....October
• jilab....November
• jileb....December

Here are some words built off of jib:

The root word jub means day. The days of the week are formed by inserting ordinal vowels. Note that the first day is Monday and that the days of the week in Mirad are not capitalized.

• juab....Monday
• jueb....Tuesday
• juib....Wednesday
• juub....Thursday
• juyob....Friday
• juyab....Saturday
• juyeb....Sunday

Some words derived from jub include:

• zajub....yesterday
• hijub....today
• zojub....tomorrow
• hyajub....every day
• hejub....some day
• fyajub....feast day
• yejub....week
• ponjub....holiday
• tajjub....birthday

The root word jwob meaning hour should be spelled jyob, but the distinction between job and jyob is difficult to hear.

Jwob is used for time when referring to clock time.

• Duhojwob se?....What time is it?
• Se ewa jwobi.....It's two o'clock.

Jwob forms words for time pieces:

• jwobar....watch, time piece

• tuyafyem jwobar....pocket watch
• tuyob jwobar....wrist watch
• nagden jwobar....stopwatch

• jwobir....clock

• mas jwobir....wall clock
• kukupat jwobir....cuckoo clock
• jwatuar jwobir....alarm clock

• jwobur....grandfather clock

• byoskyin jwobur....pendulum clock
• jwobur yabtom....clock tower

Here are some notable hours:

• ginod jwob....rush hour
• iva jwob....happy hour
• manyujben jwob....curfew
• pien jwob....departure time
• puen jwob....arrival time
• toj jwob....time of death
• tyal jwob....mealtime
• yanup jwob....appointment, rendez-vous
• pon jwob....recess, break

The root word jwab means minute. The variant jwap means moment. Here are some derivatives:

The root word jweb means second, a second of time. The variant jwep means instant. Here are some derivatives:

The root word jod means occasion, instance, (point in) time. Here are some derivatives:

The root word jud means date (on a calendar). Here are some derivatives:

Mirad uses a less Christian-centric notation comparable to CE (Common Era) and BCE (Before the Common Era):

These are represented in Mirad by EJ (bi ha Eja Joeb) (of the Current Era) and JaEJ (ja ha Eja Joeb) (Before the Current Era), respectively. For example:

• His xwa be 52 EJ.....This happened in 52 BC (=BCE)
• Ha mir ujo be 3000 jaEJ.....The world will end in 3000 AD. (=CE)

The words in this family have to do with number, frequency, and age.

• sag....number, count

• sagder....to count
• zesag....average
• sagdyun....numeral
• sagun....digit
• aynsag....integer
• vyesag....ratio, quota
• kosag....cipher
• golsag....fraction
• asagtun....mathematics
• esagtun....algebra
• isagtun....trigonometry
• usagtun....calculus
• eksag....score

• geeksag....tie

• sagtuin....numerology
• sagtuun....statistic

• syag....calculation, computation

• syagar....calculator
• syagir....computer

The morpheme xag means frequency and is used in the following ways:

• As a frequency enumerator adverb:

• axag....once
• exag....twice
• ixag....thrice

• As an adverb with the ga-/ge-/go- multiplicator prefixes:

• glaxag....often, multiple times
• gloxag....seldom
• gaxag vyel.......more often than...
• graxag....too often
• gwaxag....as often as possible
• gexag vyel.......as often as...

• As an adverb with the ho- deictic prefixes:

• duhoxag?....how often?
• hixag....this often
• huxag....that often
• huuxag van.......so often that...
• hyixag vyel.......as often as...
• hyoxag....never

• As an adjective:

• glaxaga....frequent
• xaga....frequentative

• As a verb:

• xagper....to frequent

• As a noun:

• ha xag....the frequency

The morpheme jag means age. From this are derived the two main adjectives, jaga....old and joga....young. These words contain aga and oga plus the time element j. So, old means big in terms of time and young means little in terms of time. Here are some derived words:

The usual question about age is Duhojaga et se?....How old are you?

Some usual responses are:

• At se elo jaga.....I am twenty years old.  (Lit: I am twenty of age.)
• At se ili (jabi jaga).....I am thirty-three(years old).
• Hia tamaz se asoni bi jabi jaga.....This castle is hundreds of years old.
• Hua tajyat se anay ewa jubi jaga.....That baby is only two days old.
• Iyt voy se ga jaba vyel at.....She is not older than I.
• At se gwajagat bi ata tod.....I am the eldest of my family.
• Hya aloynjagati aso grejagseati.....All teenagers will become adolescents.
• Duhogla jubi jaga se hia tud?....How many days old is this child?

The morpheme nog is a base word meaning degree, grade and is at the top of a series of subordinal words.

• nag....dimension, measure
• nak....unit of measure

Here are words derived from nag:

The related morpheme nak means unit of measure, metric unit. Here is a list of metric and other units of measure:

The morpheme neg means level. Here are some derived words:

The morpheme nig means space. Here are some derived words:

• ebnig....interstice
• kunig....margin
• exnig....field
• keaxnig....scope
• malnig....airspace
• memnig....tract of land
• tyobnig....legroom
• uknig....vacuum
• yebnig....courtyard
• yexnig....workspace
• yuznig....environment
• zanig....foreground
• zonig....background
• zyanig....expanse
• zyonig....confines

The base word nod means point, dot.

• nab....rank, row

• nabyan...range, spectrum
• naab....file
• aonab....column

• nap....order

• naap....system
• lonap....disorder

The base word son means (abstract) thing, matter.

The stems in this family end in -m, with the general meaning of place, or -yeb meaning container. The family includes areas, places, locations, buildings, houses, rooms, spaces, and containers.

The base word nom, which means situation, is also the base for several stub suffixes as seen in the chart below:

(For understanding of words and endings referring to enclosures and containers, the following chart is offered:

Related to nom is the base word tom meaning building.

• tom....building, edifice

• toom....habitat
• toam....apartment building
• toem....domicile

• tam....house

• taam....home
• taym....cottage

• tem....hall

• tyem....gallery

• tim....room, chamber
• tum....cell, compartment, closet

From the above words come the following stub suffixes used to form many derivatives:

• -m....place in general

• zyom....nook

• -em....open space

• yubem....vicinity

• -am....enclosed place, house

• nexem....storage facility

• -im....room

• magelim....kitchen

• -um....compartment, cell, stall

• yibdalirum....telephone booth

The stem of words in this family begin with the consonant t, designating human, and end in b, meaning organism, body, or organ or p, having to do with the non-corporeal aspects of man, such as mind and emotion.

All the names of the parts of the body are derived from these core words in a hierarchical fashion using stem vowel scalarization, as can be seen from the sample chart below of the body parts relating to arm and leg (not the parallelism):

• tob....person, human being

• twob....man♂
• toyb....woman♀

• toob....gender

• twoob....male
• tooyb....female

Here are words derived from tob:

Words derived from twob (man):

Words derived from toyb (woman):

Here are words derived from toob (gender ), twoob (male) or tooyb (female):

• tab....body

Words derived from tab:

From this root word are formed all the parts of the body that relate to the body as a whole:

• taob....flesh, tissue

• taol....meat

• taab....lymph node
• taeb....muscle
• taib....bone

• takib....vertebra

• taub....cartilage
• tayob....skin, hide
• tayab....fat

• tayal....lard, grease, fat (edible)

• tayeb....hair
• tayib....nerve
• tayub....gland

The word tayob (skin) or its stub suffix ayob have the following derived words:

Similarly, the word tayeb (hair), along with its stub suffix ayeb have many derived words:

The tayib (nerve) family is quite rich:

The parts of the head are:

• teb....head

• teab....eye
• teeb....ear
• teib....nose
• teub....mouth
• teob....cheek
• teyob....neck
• teyub....horn

But also some mnemonically derived words:

• tyeb....brain
• tyep....intellect
• tep....mind
• tes....meaning
• tex....thought

Here are words built from the root teb:

The word teab means eye. Many words are built on this prolific root along with its truncated stub roots tea- and -ea-:

First off, physical words pertaining to the eye:

Now, words related to seeing with the eye, the principal ones being:

• teater....to see
• teaser....to seem
• teaxer....to look at

• jeteaxer....to watch

• teatier....to perceive
• teatuer....to show
• teaper....to visit
• teader....to witness
• teazexer....to focus
• gelteaser....to resemble
• teazuer....to amaze

Here are words that use the mnemonic stub ea:

The root word teeb (ear) and its stub word form tee- produce many terms relating to the ear, hearing, and acoustics:

The principal verbs are:

• teeter....to hear
• teeser....to sound like
• teexer....to listen
• teeper....to attend
• teeder....to quote
• yuvteeter....to obey

Here are many words built on teeb or tee-:

The root word teib (nose) and its stub word form tei- are incorporated in many words having to do with the nose and smelling.

The main verbs are:

• teiter....to smell
• teixer....to sniff
• teiser....to smell like
• futeiser....to stink, reek

Here is a fuller list of derivations:

The root word teub and the related stub form teu- are used in numerous derived words having to do with mouth, tasting, shouting, vocalizing.

The main words to know are:

• teub....mouth
• teuter....to taste
• teuser....to taste like
• teuxer....to take a taste
• teubiluer....to spit
• ivteuber....to smile
• uvteuber....to frown
• teubab....tongue

• teubaxer....to lick

• teubob....lip

• teuboxer....to kiss

• teupib....tooth

• teupixer....to bite

• teubier....to swallow
• teuder....to shout
• teuz....voice

The mneumonic stub eu forms words having to do with the vocalization or sounds in general, eg.:

• deuz....song
• seux....sound
• xeus....noise

Here is a more complete list:

The root word tib means trunk (of the body) The meronymic elements are:

• zotib....back
• zetib....waist
• zatib....lap
• tibuj....tail

• tibujaib....tailbone, coccyx

• tibaib....rib

• tibaibyan....ribcage

• tibyob....groin

• tiab....bosom

• tilab....chest

• twilab'....pectoral
• tilayb....breast

• tilabeib....teat, nipple

• tieb....lung
• tiib....heart
• tiub....belly

• tiuyb....abdomen
• zotiub....buttock
• zetiub....belly button

• tiyob....kidney
• tiyab....bladder
• tiyeb....prostate
• twiyib....testical
• tiyiyb....ovary
• tiyub....genitals

• twiyub....penis
• tiyuyb....vagina

• tikab....esophagus
• tikeb....stomach
• tikib....liver
• tikub....pancreas
• tikyob....small intestine
• tikyab....large intestine
• tikyeb....anus

Here is a set of words derived from tib:

The root word tub means arm and is related to tup meaning limb in general.

The meronyms of tub are:

• tuab....shoulder
• tueb....upper arm
• tuib....elbow
• tuub....forearm

• tuubaib....ulna

• tuyob....wrist

• tuyobaib....carpal, wrist bone

• atuyobaib....scaphoid
• etuyobaib....lunate
• ituyobaib....triquetrum
• utuyobaib....pisiform
• yotuyobaib....trapezium
• yatuyobaib....trapezoid
• yetuyobaib....capitate
• yituyobabi....hamate

• tuyab....hand
• tuyeb....fist
• tuyib....palm
• tuyub....finger
• tulob....fingernail

Words containing tub and tup are the following:

Words containing sub-elements of tub are the following:

The root word tyob means leg. Some meronyms are as follows:

• tyob....leg

• tyoab....hip, haunch

• tyoabaib....hip bone

• atyoabaib....ilium
• etyoabaib....ischium
• ityoabaib....pubic

• tyoabalab....hip joint, coxa, coxofemoral joint
• tyoabaeb....hip muscle

• tyoeb....thigh

• tyoebaib....femur, thigh bone
• tyoebaeb....thigh muscle

• atyoebaeb....adductor
• etyoebaeb....hamstring
• ityoebaeb....extension

• tyoib....knee

• tyoibab....kneecap, patella
• tyoibalab....knee joint
• tyoibnyef....bursa

• tyoub....shin

• tyoubaib....tibia, shin bone

• tyoyob....ankle

• tyoyobaib....talus, ankle bone

• tyoyab....foot
• tyoyeb....heel

• tyoyebaib....heel bone, calcaneus, metatarsus

• tyoyebaiba....metatarsal

• tyoyib....sole, plantar aspect

• tyoyiba....plantar

• tyoyub....toe

• atyoyub....big toe, hallux
• etyoyub....index toe, pointer toe
• ityoyub....middle toe
• utyoyub....fore toe, ring toe
• yotyoyub....baby toe, little toe, pinky toe

• tyolob....toenail

Some common verbs built on these words:

• tyoper....to walk
• tyoaper....to sit
• tyoibuzer....to kneel
• tyoipaser....to crawl on one's knees
• tyoyeber....to supplant
• tyoyabarer....to trample
• tyoyaper....to walk
• tyoyuper....to tiptoe

Here are words derived from tyob and its sub-elements:

These roots are the non-physical counterparts of tob (human being), tab (body), teb (head), tyeb (brain), and tib (trunk of the body)

• top....soul, animus, spirit
• tap....physique
• tep....mind
• tyep....intellect
• tip....emotion, mood, sentiment

Some words built on top (soul) are the following:

Some words built on tap (physique) are the following:

Some words built on tep (mind, psyche) are the following:

Some words built on tip (emotion, mood) are the following:

• tos....feeling, sensation
• toos....instinct

Some words built on tos are the following:

The following chart shows how gestural and bodily movements and functions are derived from body parts:

Bok is at the top of a whole set of words dealing with health, illness, and medicine:

• baktun....medecine (as a field)
• bekul....drug

• bekuluer....to medicate, administer a drug
• bekulier....to take a drug
• bekulnam....pharmacy
• ifbekul....recreational drug

• bektut....doctor
• bikuut....nurse
• bokam....hospital
• bekwat....patient
• byoykser....to ache

• bok....illness
• book....fatigue
• byok....pain, ache, hurt
• blok....suffering
• brok....agony, torture

The above root words figure in the derived words below:

The root word bak means health. The related roots baak and byak means sanitation and hygiene, respectively. They enter into the formation of many words, as seen here.

The root word bek, which means treatment, therapy and the related root byek (cure) enter into the formation of the words presented here:

The root word bik means care.

Note:

• bikier....to take care, to be careful
• bikuer....to provide care, to look after
• tebikier....to be worried about
• tebikuer....to give concern to

The root word buk means injury, trauma, harm. The related root bruk means mutilation. These roots appear in the following words:

Stems in this family begin with t for human and end in d for society and have to do with families and family relationships.

Notice that kinship terms are gender-neutral unless there is a w before the root syllable vowel (indicating male-specific) or a y following the root syllable vowel (indicating female-specific).

Prefixes or word elements used to modify the above core words:

Kinship Terms Formed from the Above Core Words and Prefixed Elements

Suffixed -if gives you affectionate equivalents:

• twadif....hubby
• taydif....darling wife, wifey-poo
• twedif....daddy, papa
• teydif....mommy, mama
• twidif....bro
• tiydif....sis
• twudif....sonny, kid
• tuydif....darling daughter

• tod....family

• tood....race
• tyod....people

• tyoyd....folk
• tyood....population

• tad....spouse

• tayd....wife
• twad....husband
• taad....mate (used in many sexual terms)

Here are some derivations of the above roots:

• ted....parent

• teyd....mother
• twed....father

• tyed....relative, kin

The above roots are used to form the following words:

• tid....sibling
• tiyd....sister
• twid....brother

These roots are used to form the following words:

• tud....child
• tuyd....daughter
• twud....son

An important diminutive is tudet....baby, infant.

The above roots are used to generate the following words:

The base word tot means god. The one sub-element is:

• tat....angel

The root word tot means god and has the following derived words:

The root word tat means angel. There is a hierarchy of angels, as follows:

• Ataat....Seraph
• Ataet....Cherub
• Atait....Throne
• Etaat....Dominion
• Etaet....Stronghold
• Etait....Power
• Itaat....Principality
• Itaet....Archangel
• Itait....Angel

The stems of the words in this family begin with d for society and end in t for human.

The root word dot means society and is at the top of a scalar series of words. The diminutive, doyt means club. Sometimes dot is reduced to the stub do- meaning public. Here are words using these root:

The prefix do- can be used to form words that are public or official in nature, eg:

• dat....friend
• dayt....female friend
• dwat....male friend
• daat....buddy, pal

The above roots are at the heart of the following vocabulary:

• det....associate, partner, mate
• deyt....female associate, female partner, female mate
• dwet....male associate, male partner,, male mate

The above roots form the following derived words:

• dit....citizen, civilian
• diyt....female citizen
• dwit....male citizen

The above roots are components of the following derived words:

• dut....gentleperson, bourgeois
• duyt....miss, demoiselle, madam, lady
• dwut....sir, mister, gentleman, lord, signor

The above roots are components of the following derived words:

The stems in this family of words begin with t for human and end in f or v, which are reminiscent of nof....cloth and nov....lingerie. The words have to do with clothing. Post-y-gliding the semantic stem vowel produces something that relates to women. Pre-w-gliding the semantic stem vowel produces something that relates specifically to men.

The base word tof is the top element of a whole hierarchy of clothing terms based on the body part it pertains to.

These clothing items refer to the body as a whole. Words where the ordinal vowel is post-y-glided, refer to women.

These clothing items are worn on the head (teb). The y-glided words teyf and teyv refer to women's apparel.

These clothing items are worn on the trunk of the body (tib). The words tiyf and tiyv refer to women's apparel.

These clothing items are word on the arms (tub) and other parts of the arm. If the ordinal vowel ends in a y, then the clothing item refers to a woman.

These clothing items are worn on the legs (tyob) and feet (tyoyab). Those words ending in -v refer to softer clothes items (such as socks instead of shoes).

The nof family words begin with n meaning commercial and end in f/v meaning textile.

The base word nof means cloth, material, weave and nov means linen. There are truncated stub suffixes, -of and -ov that are used to form portmanteau words meaning types of cloth and linens.

The word faof, meaning wooden board is part of this family. Think of it as a mixture of fab (tree) and nof (matter).

Here is a list of words formed from the above roots:

The base word naf means fabric. Here is a list of different types of fabric:

The base word nef means stitch, hatch, knit

The derivatives of nef are:

• neaf....net, web, mesh, grid, fretwork, reticulation, grate
• neef....lace
• neif....braid
• neof....cross-stitch
• neuf....wicker
• neyof....loop
• neyaf....wale
• neyef....band, stripe, fillet

The "World Wide Web" is Ha Zyamira Neaf.

Here are some words derived from nef and its sub-elements:

The root word nif means thread, fiber, yarn and niv means strand, floss. Here are some words derived from these roots:

The base word nuf means button, knob. The -uf stuff suffix is for things that resemble a button or knob, such as the head of a nail. The -uf can also be a truncation of muf, meaning something like a rod. Here are some words derived from this root:

The base word nyof means film and nvov means tape, ribbon. Here are some derived expressions:

The base word nyaf means knot, tangle. Here are some words using this root:

The base word nyef means basket. The variant nyev means sack, bag. Here are some derived words:

The base word nyif means cord, cable, wire. The variant nyiv means string, lace. Here are some derived words:

The base word nyuf means package, parcel. Some derived words follow:

The stems in this family begin with m, meaning place and end in s, meaning thing. The words all have something to do with parts of a building or house, i.e. masonry.

Summary:

The root word mos means floor, while moys means layer, stratum. Here are some derived words:

The root word mas means wall. The diminutive mays means screen. Here are some derivations:

The root word mes means door, portal. The diminutive meys means gate.

Here are some derivations:

The root word mis means window and is featured in the following derivations:

The root word mus means stairs, scale

The stems in this family begin with s, meaning thing, and end in m, meaning place. The words all have to do with furniture.

Summary:

The base word som means furniture, appliance. Here are some derived words:

The root word sam means cabinet, armoire, chest

• sem....table
• seym....tablet, pad, slate
• semes....board
• semog....tablet, shelf
• seem....counter, panel, bar

The root word sim means chair. Here are some derivatives:

• sum....bed

• suam....pillow, cushion

• suaf....slipcover
• suav....pillowcase

• suem....mattress, pad

• absuemof....comforter
• absuef....bedspread
• suemof....blanket
• gyosuef....duvet
• suemov....sheet

• suim....bed springs

The base words having to do with tools, devices, and machines all begin in s for thing and end in r for tool. Vehicles are mobile machines, and therefore their stems begin with p for mobile. Specific tools and machines are created by appending one of the stub suffixes to the stem of the word that describes what the tool or machine does. For example, makijar, meaning electrical switch, starter is composed of mak (electricity) and ij- (start).

Summary:

Note: the stub suffixes other than -ar (the default) are used only to distinguish words like bicycle and motorcycle or needle and loom, etc.

To create the verb that means to use any of these instruments, simply suffix the word with -er, eg.

• yibdalir....telephone ---> yibdalirer....to phone
• drir....typewriter ---> drirer....to type

The stems of the words in this family begin with t for human and l for liquid or in this case, drinkable or edible substances. The words have to do with food, food preparation, eating and drinking.

The base word tol means nutrition. Many derived words end in a stub form of this word, -ol.

From taob (flesh), we get:

• taol....meat

• abtyoyaol....tenderloin
• supetaol....pork
• tiabaol....brisket
• tuabaol....chuck
• tyoibyozaol....hock
• zuikuntaol....flank
• bupetaol....beef

The root word tel means food and has two stub suffixes, -el for foods/fruit juices and -yel for viscous edible substances like oils, creams, and syrups.

The stub -el is used mostly to form the juices from fruit words, eg:

• lafeb....orange
• lafel....fruit juice

The stub -yel is used primarily to form oily, creamy, or syrupy substances, eg:

The root word til means drink, beverage. The stub suffix -il is an abbreviation of either mil....water or til....drink. There are hundreds of words ending in this suffix.

Here are a few words formed by suffixing -il:

• bil....milk
• povil....beer
• vifil....wine
• teabil....tear
• tiibil....blood

The hybrid suffix -eil refers to soups:

• teil....soup
• ollaveil....pea soup
• kadawapveil....carrot soup
• yagteil....stew

The hybrid suffix -uil is used to form sauces:

• tuil....sauce
• pituil....fish sauce
• tolmekuil....curry
• ipyeituil....clam sauce

Tul means dish and has the following derived words:

The base word mor, meaning universe is atop a series of geo-specifically scaled words as shown in the chart below:

The morpheme mor means cosmos, universe and underlies the following derivatives:

The word mar means star. The first or closest star is our sun, which is amar. Here are some derivatives of those two words:

The morpheme mer means planet. The planets are named by prefixing an ordinal vowel equating to the planet's position from the sun, eg:

Here are the names of the planets in our solar system. Notice that Earth is the "third planet" from the sun.

The words for compass directions are built off the stem mer (planet) by prefixing:

• za....front (north)
• zo....back (south)
• zi....right (east)
• zu....left (west)
• ze....middle (equator words)

Compass points can be hybrids of the above:

• zaomera izon....north-south direction
• zuimera domep....east-west street
• zaumera zyemep....northwest passage
• zoimera tez....southeast culture

Related terms:

• zamernod....north pole (nod = point)
• zomernod....south pole
• zaomernad....longitude (zao = north-south, nad = line)
• zuimernad....latitude (zui = east-west)
• zemernad....equator (ze = middle)
• oybzemernada....tropical, Torrid (oyb = below)
• merzyun....globe, sphere (planet-ball)
• eynmerzyun....hemisphere (half-planet-ball)

Vectoral prefixes are used in the following words:

• aonab....column (up-down row, y-axis)
• uinab....row (left-right row, x-axis)
• aonada....vertical ) (nad = line)
• uinada....horiztonal

The morpheme mir means world. It is featured in the word for Mirad, which means world speech. Here are some derivatives:

The morpheme mur means satellite. The first or nearest is our moon, amur. Here are some derivatives:

The base word mom meaning outer space is the topmost element of a series of geo-specifically odered words, eg:

Here is table listing vehicles specific to these geo-specific realms:

Note: marpur = starship and amurpur = lunar module

The morpheme mom means outer space. Here are some derived words:

The morpheme mam means sky, heavens. Here are some derived words:

The morpheme mem means land, country. There are some 2nd tier subordinal derivations, eg:

Here are the principal derivatives of the above words:

The morpheme mim meaning sea, body of water has some 2nd tier subordinal derivatives that descend on the basis of size:

Apart from this is the word mimag (ocean) with the augmentative suffix.

The oceans are:

• Amimag....Arctic Ocean
• Emimag....Indian Ocean
• Omimag....Southern Ocean
• Imimag....Pacific Ocean
• Umimag....Atlantic Ocean

From these words are derived the following:

The morpheme mum means underground. Here are some words derived from it:

The base word mol, which means nature is the topmost element of a geo-specific series of words, eg:

The morpheme mol means nature. Here are words derived from this root:

The root word mal means air. Some derived words use the stub word -al-.

There is a set of 2nd tier ordinal derivations, which represent the layers of the atmosphere:

There is also the diminutive derivations mayl meaning gas, vapor (as opposed to liquid).

Here are the main derivatives of mal and -al-:

The morpheme mel means soil.

This root has a few subordinal roots:

• meel....terrain
• meil....mud (a hybrid of mil and mel)

Among the important derivatives of this root are these:

• yanmel....continent

• oybyanmel....subcontinent

• yonmel....island

• eynyonmel....peninsula

The continents are represented by geo-specific ordinal prefixes:

• Ayanmel....North America
• Oyanmel....South America
• Iyanmel....Asia
• Eyanmel....Africa
• Uyanmel....Europe
• Yoyanmel....Oceania

Two hybrid continent names are:

• Aoyanmel....Americas (i.e. North America and South America combined)
• Ebaoyanmel....Central America (between N. and S. America)

Here are words derived from mel:

The morpheme mil means water. Three subordinal words are:

• mial....steam, vapor, hygro-
• miel....mud
• miil....dew

From this is derived the stub suffix -il, which forms words that are liquids, such as:

• bil....milk
• zil....acid
• fil....alcohol
• ail....fluid, liquid
• til....drink

Here is a list of words that contain this root:

Here are words having the -il (liquid) stub root:

The base word mul means matter, stuff, material, substance. The stub suffix -ul is used to form words which are substances.

The stub suffix -lk is used to form chemical names.

Here is a list of words derived from these roots:

The root word maf means cloud. The diminutive mayf means puff.

The root word mav means flame. Here are some derived words:

The root word mov means smoke. Here are some derived words:

The root word mef means brick, while mev means porcelain. These base words have some sub-elements:

• mef....brick, block, bar

• meyf....stick
• meef....slab

• mev....porcelain

• meav....ceramic
• meev....earthen ware, pottery
• meiv....faience

Here are some words that are derived from these roots:

The root muf means rod, stick, baton, bat, cane, stake, post. The word muv is a lesser version. The word muyf is a larger version meaning beam, rafter. The word mufyeg means pipe, cylinder and ends in the stub word -yeg from zyeg (hollow).

Here are words derived from these roots:

• mag....fire
• mak....electricity
• mog....smoke

• mag....fire

• magxer....to burn

• gyomagxer....to braze

• magyel....oil

• magyeler....to fry

• igmagyeler....to sautee

• magler....to roast

• abmagler....to grill
• balmagler....to pressure cook

• mageler....to cook

• ummageler....to bake
• yijmageler....to broil
• izmageler....to sear

• magiler....to boil

• eynmagiler....to parboil

• maeg....coal

• maegeler....to charcoal, to barbecue
• maegil....gasoline

• amaeg....anthracite
• emaeg....peat
• eymaeg....coke
• fumaeg....culm
• fyoalmaeg....brimstone
• imaeg....lignite
• movmaeg....cannel
• mayg....blaze
• magsul....fuel

Here are some words derived from mak (electricity):

Here are some words derived from mog (smoke):

• meg....stone
• mez....gem
• mek....dust

• meyk....grit
• myek....powder
• miek....sand
• myeik....dough, paste, pulp
• maek....soot

• mug....metal
• muk....mineral
• muz....ore

The root word meg means stone, rock.

The word meg has some common sub-elements:

• meag....marble
• meeg....slate
• meig....granite
• meug....clay, dough
• meyog....china
• meyag....chalk
• meyeg....limestone
• meyig....alabaster
• meyug....gypsum
• mealog....sandstone, stoneware

There is also:

• megag....boulder
• megog....stone
• yanmeg....cement
• megyog....gravel
• mameg....coal
• maameg....anthracite
• eymameg....coke
• maemeg....peat
• maimeg....lignite
• mieg....pebble

Related are:

• mek....dust
• miek....sand
• myek....powder
• myeik....dough, pulp
• muk....mineral
• muz....ore
• mug....metal

The common gemstones are:

• mez....crystal
• amez....diamond
• emez....topaz
• imez....ruby
• umez....emerald
• yomez....sapphire
• yamez....lapis lazuli
• yemez....amethyst
• yimez....amber
• yumez....obsidian
• alomez....opal
• alamez....tourmaline
• alemez....garnet
• alimez....zirconia
• alumez....jasper
• alyomez....jade
• alyamez....morganite
• alyemez....quartz
• alyimez....malachite
• vyoamez....rhinestone

Here are some words derived from meg:

The root word mez means crystal, gem. Here are words derived from this root:

The root mek means dust, grit; myek means powder. There is also the hybrid word miek, which means sand. Here are words derived from these:

• mug....metal
• muk....mineral
• muz....ore

The root mug means metal. The following words are derived from this root:

The root muk means mineral and the following words are derived from it:

The root muz means ore and the following words are derived from it:

The base word mop is the top-level word of a series of geo-specific words:

• mop....orbit
• map....wind
• mep....road
• mip....river
• mup....tunnel

The root word mop means orbit. The following words are derived from it:

The root word map means wind. This words has some sub-elements based on strength:

• maap....puff
• maep....breeze
• maip....gust
• maup....gale
• mayop....typhoon

Here are words derived from map:

The root word mep means road, way.

Other words derived from mep:

The word mip means river. This word has sub-elements based on size:

• miap....stream
• miep....brook
• miip....creek
• miup....tributary, channel
• miyop....trickle

Here are some derived words:

The word mup means tunnel. The following words are derived from it:

The root man means light, while mon is its opposite, dark.

Here are words derived from man:

The root mon means dark, while the diminutive moyn means shade. Here are some derived words:

The root word maj means daytime, while moj is the opposite, nighttime.

Note: jub day is a general word referring to the whole 24-hour cycle without reference to morning or night. Maj refers to the daylight hours and moj to the darkness hours.

Examples of usage with maj and moj

• At teato et zajub jwamaj.....I will see you tomorrow morning.
• Yat teapa iyt zojub jozemaj.....We visited her yesterday afternoon.
• Ha maar yope be majuj.....The sun sets at dusk.
• Mamila zojub jwamoj.....It rained yesterday evening.
• At tijpe be majij.....I wake up at dawn.

Examples of usage with jub:

• hijub....today
• zojub....yesterday
• jazojub....the day before yesterday
• zajub....tomorrow
• jozajub....the day after tomorrow
• bi jub bu jub....from day to day
• hyajub....everyday
• bi hijub zay....from this day on
• ji hujub....since that day
• ojo zajub....by tomorrow

Here are words derived from moj:

• maz....shine

• mayz....glister

• moza....dark

• moyza....dim

These root words are all related to thermal conditions. Here are some derivations:

Note: aoma = lukewarm.

Note also: yam is a synonym of mag.

The stems of the words in this family begin with the letter p, denoting movement, and end in the letter t, denoting a living creature. Thus, the words have to do with animals. The ordinal vowel indicates the terrain: land, air, water, or a combination of these. If the vowel is pre-y-glided, then the animal is wild or predatory.

As this chart shows, the base morpheme for animal is p...t (think of: a moving creature). The vowels within the base morpheme are generally geo-specific, indicating land, sea, water, or combinations thereof. The prefixes are characteristic syllables from the international Linnaean Taxonomy.

See Animal Nomenclature for rules in forming animal names.

The animal noise verbs are formed by replacing the final t of the animal's name to der (communicate, utter), as in the chart below. If the noise is particularly "noisy", the verb teuder (scream) can be used instead of der.

By suffixing the final t of the animal name with tam....house, you get corresponding animal's living quarters:

By changing the final letter of the animal's name to an l, you get the meat eaten from that animal:

By adding yan....aggregate or nyan....crowd to the name of an animal, you get the animal grouping:

The baby of an animal ends in ud, which is a stub suffix for tud....offspring, child:

To create an animal pet name, add the suffix if

Other size suffixes can be appended as well:

Here is a chart showing the adjectives used to refer to animals:

The hair of an animal ends in tayeb....hair:

• The word for the female counterpart of an animal is created by inserting a y before the final t of the animal's adult name.
• The word for the specifically male counterpart of an animal is created by placing a w after the p of the animal's adult name, unless the p is followed by a y such as in pyot, in which case the w goes before the final t, eg. gapyowt....papa bear.
• The word for the gelded male counterpart of an animal is created by placing an o vowel before the final t of the animal's adult male name.
• To form a mixed breed, put the appropriate vowels that precede the p of the two animal's adult names in a combination. For example, kabekpeyt....mare + afekpet....ass = afkabekpet....mule.

The stems of the words in this family begin with f for vegetation and end in b for organism. The core meronyms of this family are listed here:

• fob....plant, vegetation
• fab....tree
• feb....fruit
• fib....trunk
• fub....branch
• fyob....root

The base word fob means plant, vegetation.

Here are words that are derived from this root:

fob....plant, vegetation

• foba....botanical, vegetal
  • fobam....greenhouse
• fobdem....botanical garden, orchard
• fobika....verdant
  • fobikay....verdantly
• fobtun....botany
  • fobtuna....botanic, botanical
    • fobtunay....botanically
• fobtut....botanist
• fobyan....flora, vegetation
• fobyena....vegetative
• fobyexem....farm
• fobyexen....agriculture, cultivating, cultivation, farming, tilling
  • fobyexena....agricultural
  • fobyexenut....agriculturalist
• fobyexer....cultivate, farm, till
• fobyexin....agrarianism
• fobyextun....agronomy
  • fobyextuna....agronomical
    • fobyextunay....agronomically
  • fobyextut....agronomist
• fobyexun....agriculture, farming, tilth
  • fobyexuna....agrarian, agricultural
    • fobyexunam....farmhouse, farmstead
  • fobyexut....cultivator, farmer
  • fobyexwa....farmed
  • fobyexyafwa....cultivable, tillable
  • fobyexyofwa....untillable
• milfob....aquatic plant, hydrophyte
  • milfoba....hydrophytic
    • milfobyex....hydroponics
      • milfobyexa....hydroponic

The word fab means tree. The diminutive is fayb meaning bush, vine. The fruit or nut of the tree ends in feb, unless it is a berry from a vine, in which case it is feyb. The juice from the fruit is fel, while the fruit of the berry is feyl.

Trees all end in fab. Vines, shrubs, and bushes ending in fayb. The syllables prefixed to those roots come from the international Linnaean taxonomy. Here are the principal trees, vines, shrubs, and bushes:

fab....tree

• fabyan....forest
  • fabyayn....woods
• fayb....bush, vine
  • faybyan....thicket, brush
• fayeb....leaf
  • fayebyan....foliage
• faob....wood
  • faof....plank, board
  • fauf....log
    • faufyan....lumber, timber

feb....fruit, nut

• fel....fruit juice
• feyb....berry
  • feyl....berry juice

With the prefixation of Linnaeus taxonomic syllables, we get the following trees:

anbromfab: pineapple, spec=Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus

fafab: bean plant, pea plant, spec=Fabaceae

• glefafab: honey locust, honeylocust, spec=Fabaceae Gleditsia triacanthos, old=dyufab
• akfafab: acacia tree, spec=Fabaceae Acacia, old=rufab

plafab: plane tree, plantain, spec=Platanaceae Platanus, old=rafab

• okplafab: sycamore tree, occidental plane tree, spec=Platanaceae Platanus occidentalis, old=ryefab

tafab: yew tree, spec=Taxaceae Taxus, old=difab

ebfab: Ceylon ebony, spec=Ebenaceae Diospyros ebenum

acfab: maple tree, spec=Aceraceae Acer, old=ryifab

befab: birch tree, spec=Betulaceae Betula, old=rifab

• korbefab: hazel nut tree, kukui tree, spec=Betulaceae Corylus, old=nyofab

katefab: cacao tree, spec=Malvaceae Theobroma cacao, old=dyofab

fagfab: beech tree, spec=Fagaceae Fagus, old=mefab

• kafagfab: chestnut tree, spec=Fagaceae Castanea, old=mifab
• kwerfagfab: oak tree, spec=Fagaceae Quercus quercus, old=mafab
• kasfagfab: sweet chestnut tree, spec=Fagaceae Castanea sativa, old=mufab

pulifab: pomegranate tree, spec=Lythraceae Punica granatum, old=byofab

pifab: conifer, evergreen tree, pine tree, spec=Pinaceae Pinus, old=dofab

• lapifab: larch tree, spec=Pinaceae Larix:*
• abpifab: fir tree, spec=Pinaceae Abies, old=dafab
• cepifab: cedar tree, spec=Pinaceae Cedrus, old=dyafab
• licepifab: cedar of Lebanon, spec=Pinaceae Cedrus libani
• tsupifab: hemlock tree, spec=Pinaceae Tsuga:*

maswifab: mahogany tree, spec=Melaiceae Swietenia mahgoni

ginkfab: ginkgo tree, spec=Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba, old=nufab

malfab: mallows family, spec=Malvaceae

• himalfab: rosella plant, spec=Malvacea Hibiscus sabdariffa
• okmalfab: balsa tree, spec=Malvaceae Ochroma pyramidale, old=kefab
• komalfab: kola plant, spec=Malvaceae Cola nitida old=nyefab
• dumalfab: durian tree, spec=Malvaceae Durio

salfab: willow tree, willow family, spec=Salicaceae Salix, old=ryofab

• posalfab: poplar tree,, aspen tree, populus tree, spec=Salicaceae Populus, old=refab
• balposalfab: cottonwood, spec=Salicaceae Populus balsamifera, old=ryofab

olfab: olive tree, spec=Oleaceae Olea europaea, old=byefab

• fraksolfab: ash tree, spec=Oleaceae Fraxinus

ulfab: elm tree, spec=Ulmaceae Ulmus, old=ryafab

anfab: cashew/pistachio family, spec=Anacardiaceae

• okanfab: cashew tree, spec=Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale, old=myafab
• mananfab: mango tree, spec=Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica, old=lyafab
• pisanfab: pistachio tree, spec=Anacardiaceae Pistacia vera, old=nefab
• topisanfab: poison ivy, spec=Anacardiaceae Toxiodendron

mofab: mulberry tree, mulberry family, spec=Moraceae Morus, old=alofab

• fimofab: fig tree, spec=Moraceae Ficus carica, old=byafab
• urfimofab: banyan, spec=Moraceae Ficus Urostigma, old=afyafab

rofab: fruit tree, spec=Rosaceae

• marofab: apple tree, spec=Rosaceae Malus domestica, old=afab

• domarofab: crabapple tree, spec=Rosaceae Malus domestica, old=aafab

• kirofab: quince tree, spec=Rosaceae Cydonia oblonga, old=yefab
• pirofab: pear tree, spec=Rosaceae Pyrus, old=efab
• prurofab: plum tree, aspen, Rosaceae Prunus domestica, old=ufab
• ceprurofab: cherry tree, spec=Rosaceae Prunus cerasus, old=ifab
• amprurofab: almond tree, spec=Rosaceae Prunus amygdalus, old=myofab
• arprurofab: apricot tree, spec=Rosaceae Prunus armeniaca, old=yofab
• perprurofab: peach tree, spec=Rosaceae Prunus persica, old=yafab

maprofab: macadamia tree, spec=Proteaceae Macadamia, old=myifab

arfab: palm tree, spec=Arecaceae old=bofab

• rafarfab: raffia palm, spec=Arecaceae Raphia
• kokarfab: coconut palm, coconut tree, spec=Arecaceae Cocos nucifera, old=bufab
• foynarfab: date tree, spec=Arecaceae Phoenix dactylifera, old=befab

pakarfab: papaya, yucca, spec=Caricaceae Carica papaya, old=dalifab

erfab: heather, spec=Ericaceae

lefab: Brazil nut tree, spec=Lecythidaceae Bertholletia excelsa, old=myefab

mirfab: myrtle, spec=Myrtaceae

• arsimirfab: clove tree, spec=Myrtaceae Syzygium aromaticum
• pimirfab: pimenta, spec=Myrtaceae Pimenta
• simirfab: lillypillies, spec=Myrtaceae Syzygium
• ewmirfab: eucalyptus tree, juniper tree, gum tree, spec=Myrtaceae Eucalyptus, old=dyefab
• melewmirfab: yellow box, spec=Myrtaceae Eucalyptus melliodora, old=dalyafab
• tenewmirfab: stringybark, spec=Myrtaceae Eucalyptus tenella, old=dalufab
• korewmirfab: yate, spec=Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cornuta, old=dalyofab

korfab: dogwood tree, spec=Cornaceae Cornus sanguinea

burfab: torchwood, Burseraceae family, spec=Burseraceae

• ovkaburfab: pili tree, spec=Burseraceae Canarium ovatum, old=nyafab
• komburfab: myrrh, spec=Burseraceae Commiphora abyssinca
• bosburfab: frankincense, spec=Burseraceae Boswellia

mirisfab: nutmeg tree, spec=Myristicaceae Myristica fragrans, old=dyifab:::*

jufab: walnut tree family, walnut tree, spec=Juglandaceae Yuglans

• cijufab: butternut tree, spec=Yuglandaceae Yuglans cinerea
• ilkarjufab: pecan tree, spec=Juglandaceae Carya illioinensis, old=nafab
• tokarjufab: hickory, spec=Juglandaceae Carya tomentosa, old=nyifab

kufab: cypress tree, spec=Cupressaceae, old=dufab

• sekufab: sequoia, giant sequoia, redwood tree, spec=Cupressaceae Sequoia sempervirens, old=dalofab
• jukufab: juniper tree, spec=Cupressaceae Juniperus communis

mufab: banana tree, spec=Musaceae Musa, old=bifab

• enmufab: ensete, false banana, spec=Musaceae Ensete

rufab: citrus family, spec=Rutaceae

• pterufab: hop tree, spec=Rutaceae Ptelea trifoliata
• jacirufab: kumquat, spec=Rutaceae Citrus japonica
• mecirufab: lime tree, linden tree, spec=Rutaceae Citrus medica, old=lyofab
• recirufab: grapefruit, spec=Rutaceae Citrus reticulata
• recirufab: mandarin orange tree, mandarin tree, spec=Rutaceae Citrus reticulata, old=lefab
• licirufab: lemon tree, spec=Rutaceae Citrus limon, old=lifab
• sicirufab: orange tree, spec=Rutaceae Citrus sinensis, old=lafab
• grancirufab: shaddock, spec=Rutaceae Citrus grandis, old=luyfab
• tancirufab: mandarin orange, tangerine, spec=Rutaceae Citrus tangerina, old=lefeb
• awcirufab: sour orange tree, marmalade orange tree, bigarade orange tree, bitter orange tree, spec=Rutaceae Citrus aurantium, old=lufab
• tinkrufab: madder, rose madder, spec=Rubiaceae tinctorum
• cinrufab: quinine tree, cinchona, spec=Rubiaceae Cinchona

lawfab: laurel tree, spec=Lauraceae

• cinlawfab: cinnamon tree, laurel tree, spec=Lauraceae Cinnamomum, old=byufab
• saslawfab: sassafras tree, spec=Lauraceae Sassafras albidum

fayb: vine, bush, shrub

• tefayb: tea plant, spec=Theaceae Camellia sinensis, old=safayb
• koffayb: coffee plant, spec=Rubiaceae Coffea arabica, old=kafayb
• pifayb: evergreen shrub, spec=Pinospida, old=dofayb
• vifayb: grapevine, vine, spec=Vitaceae Vitis vinifera, old=vafayb
• kakfayb: cactus, spec=Cactaceae
• akwilfayb: ilex, holly bush, spec=Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifolium, old=mafayb
• rofayb: fruit vine

• frarofayb: strawberry bush, spec=Rosaceae Fragaria ananassa, old=sufayb
• grofayb: gooseberry family, spec=Grossulariaceae

• nirigrofayb: blackcurrant, black currant bush, cassis bush, spec=Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum, old=ifayb
• rurigrofayb: red currant bush, redcurrant bush, spec=Grossulariaceae Ribes rubrum, old=syofayb

• rurofayb: raspberry bush, spec=Rosaceae Rubus fructicosus, old=vefayb

• alrurofayb: blackberry vine, spec=Rosaceae Rubus allegheniensis

• prurofayb: blackthorn, sloe, spec=Rosaceae Prunus spinosa, old=yoluvos
• nuprurofayb: nectarine, peach tree, spec=Rosaceae Prunus nucipersica, old=yafeyb

• kapsofayb: pepper plant, pepper vine, spec=Solanaceae Capsicum, old=sifayb
• kafayb: honeysuckle bush, spec=Caprifoliaceae

• vikafayb: viburnum, spec=Caprifoliaceae Viburnum
• samkafayb: elderberry bush, spec=Caprifoliaceae Sambucus canadensis

• kapfayb: caper bush, spec=Capparidaceae Capparis
• pipfayb: black pepper vine, spec=Piperaceae Piper nigrum
• vakserfayb: cranberry bush, spec=Ericaceae Vaccinium, old=syefayb

• civakserfayb: blueberry bush, spec=Ericaceae Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus

• verfayb: verbena family, spec=Verbenaceae
• mifayb: bayberry bush, spec=Myricaceae
• mirfayb: myrtle, myrtus family, spec=Myrtaceae

• psimirfayb: guava, spec=Myrtaceae Psidium, old=lyofayb

The fruits and nuts of these trees are derived by changing fab to feb. The berries from vines/shrubs/bushes end in feyb. The following tables shows some examples. The juice of the fruit can be derived by changing feb to fel. The juice of a berry can be derived by changing feyb to feyl. A jam ends in fyel, while a jelly ends in fyeyl. An alcoholic drink ends in fil.

fib....trunk

feb....fruit

• fel....fruit juice
  • fyel....jam
    • fyeyl....jelly
• feyb....berry
• feeb....nut
  • feyl....berry juice

fub....branch

• fubxer....to branch out, to ramify

fyob....root

• fyoba....radical
• fyobober....to eradicate, to uproot, to deracinate
• fyobes....radicule
• fyobser....to take root

The baseword vob is the top-level of a family of words having to do with crops, plants, grains, and flowers.

Here is a list of crops with their Linnaean taxonomic designations:

Summary:

Flower Parts

FLOWER PART
vos....flower
vosayob....sepal
vosayeb....petal
vosib....receptacle
veeybpexus....stigma
vosij....bud, flower bud
tooygon....pistil
veeybyan....pollen
twoogon....stamen
twoogonyif....filament
veeybyem....anther
vosyob....peduncle

• vosa....floral
• vosyan....flora
• vosog....floret
• vosut, vosnamut....florist
• vosnam....florist shop
• vostyen....floristry
• vosyem....flower bed
• vosdeym....flower garden
• vosyeb....flower pot
• voseeyber....pollinate
• voser....bloom, blossom
• vosea....florescent, abloom
• vosber....deck out with flowers, put down flowers
• vosier....flourish, flower
• vosuer....cause to flourish
• vosij....flower bud, bloom
• vosnyan....bouquet
• vostebuz....wreath
• vosyena....florid
• vosika....flowery
• vosyel....attar
• vosyex....horticulture
• vosmelyex....floriculture

The root word volz means color, hue and has a stub form, -lz. Here is a list of derived words:

This family includes words having to do with the arts, such as theater, sculpture, music, poetry, etc. Word stems ending in -z refer to something that is precious or artful. Stems with eu are mnemonic for teub....mouth and refer to sound, singing, noises, etc.

Summary:

Artsy Words

ART	PIECE	PERSON
tuz....art	tuzun....art object	tuzut....artist
taz....portraiture	tazun....portrait	tazut....portrait artist
tez....culture	tezun....more
tyez....magic fyatyez....charm fyotyez...sorcery	tyezun....magic act fyatyezun....charm fyotyezun....spell	tyezut....magician fyatyezut....hieromancer fyotyezut....sorcerer
teyz....cult fyateyz....religion	teyzun....cult service fyateyzun....religious service	teyzut....cultist fyateyzut....priest
tuyz....artisanship	tuyzun....artisanal piece	tuyzut....artisan
tyen....craft, skill	tyenun....piece of craftsmanship	tyenut....craftsman
teaz....spectacle, showmanship fyateaz....miracle-working	teazun....show fyateazun....miracle	teazut....showman fyateazut....miracle-worker
siz....painting	sizun....a painting	sizut....painter
dresiz....engravure	dresizun....an engraving	dresizut....engraver
sin....picture mansin....photo pansin...motion picture		sindrut....illustrator mansinut....photographer pansinut....movie-maker
dresin....design	dresin....a design	dresinut....designer
sindren....drawing	sindras....a drawing	sindrut....draftsman
saz....sculpture	sazun....piece of sculpture, statue	sazut....sculptor
suz....display art	suzun....artifact	suzyanamut....museum director
volz....color
daz....dance	dazun....a dance	dazut....dancer
dyaz....ballet	dyazun....ballet performance	dyazut....danseur dyazuyt....ballerina
dez....theater, performance art aztosdez....melodrama vyamdez....drama ivdez....comedy uvdez....tragedy	dezun....play	dezut....actor, performer
diz....comedy	dizun....comedy act	dizut....comedian
podiz....circus performing	podizun....circus act	podizut....clown
duz....music	duzun....music piece duzdin....operetta duzdinag....opera	duzut....musician
dyez....cinema	dyezun....movie	dyezut....film actor
drez....poetry	drezun....poem	drezut....poet
vidrenyan....literature, belles lettres	vidras....piece of literature	drut....writer
teuz....voice
deuz....singing	deuzun....song	deuzut....singer
seux....sound
xeus....noise
seuz....tone

The stems of the words in this family start with d for society and end with b for organization. The top-level base word dob means state. This base word has some sub-elements:

• doob....nation
• doab....fatherland
• doeb....state, province, canton

• doebyan....federation

• doebyayn....confederation

• doib....county, shire
• doub....precinct

By prefixing ordinal vowels to the stem dob, we get various regimes. B changing dob to deb (ruler), dweb (male ruler), or deyb (female ruler), we get the counterpart rulers of these regimes.

From deb, we get the stub suffix -eb, which means the ruler, leader, or top offical, as in:

• dom....city ---> domeb....mayor
• vixel....ceremony ---> vixeleb....master of ceremonies
• utixam....university ---> utixameb....rector

Summary:

The root word dab means government.

Types of governments:

The root word dib means administration. The diminutive variant diyb means department.

Here are words derived from these root:

The root word dub means minister and is used in the following derived words:

The base word dom means city. It is the top-level member of a geo-specifically ordered series:

• dom....city

• doym....town
• doam....borough, township
• doem....village
• doim....hamlet
• doum....estate, manor

• dam....airport
• dem....park

• deym....garden

• dim....fountain

Here is a list of words derived from dom and the above sub-elements:

The stems of the words in this family all begin with n for merchandise. All the words have to do with money, business, trade, and merchandise.

Summary:

The stems of the words in this family begin with d....social and end in p....mobile and have to do with the military and war.

Summary:

The word xob refers to any kind of hierarchical organization that has a staff, departments, and branches.

The root word xeb means boss, chief, head. Here are some derived words:

The root word xib means department. Here are some derived words:

The root word xub means branch, subsidiary. Here are some derived words:

The root word xyob means headquarters, base.

The root word a means one. Here are some derived words:

The root word o means zero. Here are some derived words:

The base morpheme yan (together) contrasts with yon (apart). The following chart demonstrates this polarity:

The suffix -yan is used to form collective nouns. Here are some examples:

An extension of yan is nyan, meaning stack, pile, accumulation, crowd, and so is a bit more intensive:

The following confusing terms should be kept distinct:

More collectives:

Summary:

The verb fer means to want and is following by a noun or pronoun, an infinitive, or an entire clause, eg.:

• At voy fe hyea yux.....I do not want any help.
• Yat fa iyt poser.....We wanted her to stop.
• Duven et fe per bay at?....Do you want to go with me?
• Yit voy fe hos at fe.....They do not want what I want.
• At fe et iper.....I want you to leave.

Use of the verb fer in the hypothetical mood (conditional) means would like, eg.:

• At fu beser him.....I would like to stay here.
• Duven et fu til.....Would you like a drink?

Other derivatives:

The verb fer can be followed by an infinitive or a dependent clause in the hypothetical mood:

• At fe et ser iva.....I want you to be happy.
• At fe van et su iva.....I want that you be happy.

Note that the suffixes -if and -uf are used to translate words in English meaning -philia and -phobia, respectively, eg. tiibilif....hemophilia and hyutuf....xenophobia. Also, words with the prefix miso- meaning hatred of use the Mirad suffix -uf (toybuf....misogyny).

Summary:

These words can be suffixed to verb roots to form many modal verbs, adjectives, and nouns:

• teater....to see

• teatyofa....blind
• teatyofwa....invisible

• tiler....to drink

• tilefa....thirsty

• doteuder....to vote

• doteudafxer....to franchise
• doteudofxwati....the disenfranchised

• tester....to understand

• testyafwan....comprehensibility

• fider....to praise

• fidyefwa....praiseworthy

The prefixes -ika (-ful) and -uka (-less) can form many adjectives, such as:

• tejika....lively
• tuilika....saucy
• tesika....meaningful

• tezuka....cultureless
• tayebuka....hairless
• maruka....starless

Forms of -yik- and -yuk- can be suffixed to verb stems as a modal meaning hard to and easy to, respectively:

• testyikwa....hard to understand
• teetyika....hard of hearing
• dudyikwa....hard to answer, enigmatic
• teatyiker....have a hard time seeing

• pesyuka....patient (easy to wait)
• vatexyuka....gullible (easy to believe)
• testyukwa....comprehensible (easy to understand)
• datxyuker....find it easy to make friends

There is also the hybrid truth particle vyao, meaning true or false, eg.: Et tojba hua twob. Vyao?....You killed that man. True or false?

Summary:

The base morpheme zyi- is used in a family of words having to do with flat.

The base morpheme zyu- is used in words having to do with round:

The following three root morphemes can be confused:

• the root zyu- refers to roundness, round objects and rotation/rolling.
• the root yuz- refers to around, circling, and surrounding
• the root uz- refers to curves, arcs, bows, and bends.

The base morpheme zya- means wide or throughout. Here are a few derivatives:

The root morpheme zye means through, trans-, per- and is at the base of many words. The following key words have to do with transparency and piercing:

• zyef....glass
• zyeb....bottle
• zyeg....hole (and the stub suffix -yeg)

Here is a list of the most important derivatives:

The root morpheme zyo- means narrow and has the following derivatives:

The root morpheme ho- and its scalar variants are never standalone words but rather are prefixes that categorize deictic determiner adjectives, substantives, or adverbs.

• duho-....what?, which? (interrogative)
• ho-....which (relative)

The prefixes ho and duho are used to form relative and interrogative determiners. Here are the most common ones:

This deictic prefix can be joined to other elements to form the definite determiners. Also, as a shortened form of the adjective haa, it can act as the definite article the. Here a list of ha- determiners:

This prefix is used to form indefinite determiners meaning some, a certain. Here are the most common:

• hi-....this
• hii-....the following
• hiy....here is, voici

The deictic prefix hi- is used to form proximal demonstratives with the meaning this. The variant hii- is used to form demonstratives meaning the following. The word hiy means here is, voici.

Here is a list of the most common words with these deictic roots:

• hu-....that
• huu-....such a, the foregoing
• huy....voilà, there is, see there
• hui-....this and that

Here are the most common words using the above roots:

The deictic prefix hyo- forms determiners that begin with no-. Here are the most common:

The deitic prefix hya- forms determiners and other words that begin with every, all. Here are the most common:

The deictic prefix hye- is used to form determiners that begin any-, whichever-. Here are the most common:

The deictic prefix hyi- forms determiners that begin with (the) same. Here are the most common:

The deictic prefix hyu- is used to form determiners beginning with (the) other. The hybrid prefix hyui- is used to form words referring to reciprocity (one another). Here are the most common:

• hay....hello, hi
• hey....hey, o
• hoy....goodbye

Here are the most common words derived from hay:

The vocative word hey means oh, o! used in addressing someone or getting someone's attention. Here are the most common derivatives:

The word hoy, which means goodbye is used in the following derivatives:

• hyay....thank-you
• hyey....please
• hyoy....sorry

These roots are used to form exclamatory words of politeness.

Here are examples of hyay, which refer to exclamations of thanks, appreciation, etc.:

The word hyey, which means please, only has one derived word: hyeyder....to say please.

The word hyoy means sorry, excuse me and is used in the following expressions:

• hway....bravo, congratulations, cheers (pronounced like English why)
• hwey....good luck (pronounced like English whey)
• hwoy....boo, down with, what a shame

This exclamatory word means bravo!, congratulations!, cheers!, well done! and has the following derivations:

This exclamatory word means good luck! and has the following derivatives:

This exclamatory word means boo!, hiss!, for shame! and has the following derivatives:

The morpheme hihi is used to form words having to do with laughing, while the opposite morpheme huhu is used for words referring to crying. Here are some hihi examples:

Here are some huhu examples:

The words in the following charts share some commonality, which is evident in their similar phonetics:

The ending -yen is a stub for byen, meaning way, manner and is used to form many different words, as the following chart shows. The basic words are:

• byen....manner
• syen....style
• tyen....technique, skill
• hoyen....how, condition
• pyen....pace, allure
• xyen....behavior
• zeyen....means
• yukyen....amenity
• dotyen....manners
• dyen....expression
• visyen....fashion
• vidyen....euphemism
• uzdyen....paraphrase
• tyodyen....custom
• tuzyen....artistry
• twobyen....machismo
• tosyen....mood
• texyen....attitude
• tejyen....way of life
• tezyen....more
• tepyen....frame of mind
• teazyen....showmanship
• teatyen....outlook
• teasyen....aspect
• sexyen....structure
• nasyen....currency
• esyen....state
• kyayen....version
• jobyen....tense
• jagyen....senility
• izbyen....maneuver
• exlyen....process
• driryen....type face
• kyasyen....dynamics
• dibyen....governance
• deuzyen....tonality
• deuxyen....intonation
• dalyen....idiom
• datyen....bonhomie
• balzeyen....leverage
• axlyen....behavior
• anyen....quirk
• akpasyen....stategy
• dreyen....writing system
• napyen....discipline
• kisyen....trend
• dodalyen....rhetoric
• jubyen....habit
• maalyen....weather
• aotyen....personality, character

Words ending in -z refer to something precious or refined, as this chart shows:

A more complete list: